Anti-diabetic properties of different fractions of Korean red ginseng. (23rd May 2019)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Park, Soo Jeong; Nam, Jisun; Ahn, Chul Woo; Kim, YuSik
• Is Part Of: Journal of ethnopharmacology. Volume 236(2019)
• Page Start: 220
• Page End: 230
• Publication Date: 2019-05-23
• Subjects: Korean red ginseng -- Ginsenosides -- Polysaccharides -- Type 2 diabetes mellitus; T2DM Type 2 diabetes mellitus -- HGP hepatic glucose production -- KRG Korean red ginseng -- AMPK adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase -- Akt protein kinase B -- Spn saponin -- NSpn non-saponin -- HOMA-IR Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance -- QUICKI QUantitative Insulin sensitivity CKeck Index -- HbA1c Glycated hemoglobin -- AUC area under the curve -- i.p. intraperitoneal -- GTT glucose tolerance test -- IGI insulinogenic index -- WB western blot -- TC total cholesterol -- HDL-C high density lipoprotein cholesterol -- LDL/VLDL-C low density- and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol -- TG triglyceride -- AGEs advanced glycation end-products -- oxLDL oxidized low density lipoprotein -- TNF-α necrosis factor α -- CRP C-reactive protein -- GPx glutathione peroxidase -- SOD superoxide dismutase -- MDA malondialdehyde -- PYGL glycogen phosphorylase, liver form -- PEPCK phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase -- TXA2 thromboxane A2; Ethnopharmacology -- Periodicals; Pharmacognosy -- Periodicals; Herbs -- Periodicals; Herbs -- Periodicals; Pharmacognosy -- Periodicals; Pharmacognosie -- Périodiques; Herbes -- Périodiques; 615.1
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.01.044
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0378-8741

Abstract

Abstract: Ethnopharmacological relevance: Korean red ginseng (KRG) has been traditionally used to treat diabetes. Ginsenosides are considered as the major bioactive components mediating anti-diabetic effects of KRG. However, considering that ginsenosides account for only about 3–4% of ginsengs, other fractions of KRG may also carry potential anti-diabetic effects. There is no study reporting the differentiated effects of ginsenosides (Spn) and non-saponin fractions (NSpn) of KRG on glycemic control. Aim of the study: We investigated the effects of KRG, Spn, and NSpn on the indications of glycemic control and sought to elucidate physiological factors contributing their effects. Materials and methods: Human T2DM mimicking Nagoya-Shibata-Yasuda (NSY/hos) mice were given KRG, Spn, or NSpn admixed in rodent diet at 200 mg/kg/day for 24 weeks. Glycemic and obesity indications, blood lipid profile, systematic and local oxidative stress markers in metabolically important organs, and systematic inflammatory markers were assessed. Molecular assessments associated with glycemic control in liver and skeletal muscle were further performed. Results: KRG attenuated deterioration in glucose homeostasis as evidenced by significantly lower fasting blood glucose from 22 nd week and AUC during GTT at the end of the experiment compare to control. Spn enhanced insulin secretion in response to glucose stimulation and reduced protein level of glycogen phosphorylase in liver. On the other hand, NSpn ameliorated oxidative stress and inflammation. Some beneficial effects of Spn and NSpn were reflected in KRG treated mice. KRG also attenuated the accumulation of malondialdehyde in skeletal muscle and, accordingly, enhanced insulin responsiveness compare to control. Conclusion: Anti-diabetic properties of KRG are not solely determined by the contents of ginsenosides but the harmonic functions of its different fractions. Graphical abstract: Image 1