Architecture of antimicrobial skin defense. (October 2019)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Kwiecien, Kamila; Zegar, Aneta; Jung, James; Brzoza, Piotr; Kwitniewski, Mateusz; Godlewska, Urszula; Grygier, Beata; Kwiecinska, Patrycja; Morytko, Agnieszka; Cichy, Joanna
• Is Part Of: Cytokine & growth factor reviews. Volume 49(2019)
• Page Start: 70
• Page End: 84
• Publication Date: 2019-10
• Subjects: AD atopic dermatitis -- AMPs antimicrobial proteins and peptides -- BAT brown adipose tissue -- BD β-defensin(s) -- CGRP calcitonin gene-related peptide -- dWAT dermal white adipose tissue -- NETs neutrophil extracellular traps -- scWAT subcutaneous white adipose tissue -- SLPI secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor -- QS quorum sensing -- TRPV1 transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 -- WAT white adipose tissue; Skin homeostasis -- Skin infection -- Antimicrobial peptides -- Cathelicidin -- Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor -- Chemerin; Cytokines -- Periodicals; 571.84
• DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.08.001
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 1359-6101

Abstract

Graphical abstract: Highlights: All main anatomical skin layers are involved in antimicrobial skin defense via cross-layer or layer-specific mechanisms. Skin-associated microorganisms contribute to skin protection by influencing microbial composition of the skin. Immune and nervous systems are both integral to the skin antimicrobial defense under homeostatic and infectious conditions. Antimicrobial peptides, antimicrobial lipids, and other cutaneous products act in concert to inhibit pathogen invasion. Cutaneous mediators, such as multitasking antimicrobial peptides, exhibit context-dependent function in the skin defense. Abstract: The skin is the largest and the most exposed organ in the body and its defense is regulated at several anatomical levels. Here, we explore how skin layers, including the epidermis, dermis, adipose tissue, and skin appendages, as well as cutaneous microbiota, contribute to the function of skin antimicrobial defense. We highlight recent studies that reveal the differential and complementary responses of skin layers to bacterial, viral, and fungal infection. In particular, we focus on key soluble mediators in the layered skin defense, such as antimicrobial peptides, as well as on lipid antimicrobials, cytokines, chemokines, and barrier-maintaining molecules. We include our own evaluative analyses of transcriptomic datasets of human skin to map the involvement of antimicrobial peptides in skin protection under both steady state and infectious conditions. Furthermore, we explore the versatility of the mechanisms underlying skin defense by highlighting the role of the immune and nervous systems in their interaction with cutaneous microbes, and by illustrating the multifunctionality of selected antimicrobial peptides in skin protection.