State policies in the United States impacting drug-related convictions and their consequences in 2015. (July 2019)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Cramer, Ryan; Hexem, Sarah; Thompson, Kelly; LaPollo, Archana Bodas; Chesson, Harrell W; Leichliter, Jami S
• Is Part Of: Drug science, policy and law. Volume 5(2019)
• Publication Date: 2019-07
• Subjects: drugs -- laws -- mandatory minimum -- policies -- socioeconomic status -- stigma; Drugs -- Social aspects -- Great Britain -- Periodicals; Drugs -- Law and legislation -- Great Britain -- Periodicals; Drug abuse -- Great Britain -- Periodicals; Drugs -- Periodicals; 362.290941
• DOI: 10.1177/2050324519863491
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 2050-3245

Abstract

Background: Criminal justice system involvement has been associated with health issues, including sexually transmitted disease. Both incarceration and sexually transmitted disease share associations with various social conditions, including poverty, stigma, and drug use. Methods: United States state laws (including Washington, D.C.) regarding drug possession and consequences of drug-related criminal convictions were collected and coded. Drug possession policies focused on mandatory sentences for possession of marijuana, crack cocaine and methamphetamines. Consequences of drug-related convictions included ineligibility for public programmes, ineligibility for occupational licences and whether employers may ask prospective employees about criminal history. We analysed correlations between state sexually transmitted disease rates and percentage of a state's population convicted of a felony. Results: First-time possession of marijuana results in mandatory incarceration in one state; first-time possession of crack cocaine or methamphetamines results in mandatory incarceration in 12 (23.5%) states. Many states provide enhanced punishment upon a third possession conviction. A felony drug conviction results in mandatory ineligibility for the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program and/or Temporary Assistance for Needy Families in 17 (33.3%) states. Nine (17.6%) states prohibit criminal history questions on job applications. Criminal convictions limit eligibility for various professional licences in all states. State chlamydia, gonorrhoea and syphilis rates were positively associated with the percentage of the state population convicted of a felony ( p < 0.05). Conclusion: While associations between crime, poverty, stigma and health have been investigated, our findings could be used to investigate the relationship between the likelihood of criminal justice system interactions, their consequences and public health outcomes including sexually transmitted disease risk.