Achieving arsenic concentrations of <1 μg/L by Fe(0) electrolysis: The exceptional performance of magnetite. (1st January 2020)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: van Genuchten, C.M.; Behrends, T.; Stipp, S.L.S.; Dideriksen, K.
• Is Part Of: Water research. Volume 168(2020)
• Publication Date: 2020-01-01
• Subjects: Electrocoagulation -- EXAFS spectroscopy -- Arsenic treatment -- Mineral formation -- Oxyanion incorporation; Water -- Pollution -- Research -- Periodicals; 363.7394
• DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115170
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0043-1354

Abstract

Abstract: Consumption of drinking water containing arsenic at concentrations even below the World Health Organization provisional limit of 10 μg/L can still lead to unacceptable health risks. Consequently, the drinking water sector in the Netherlands has recently agreed to target 1 μg/L of arsenic in treated water. Unfortunately, in many poor, arsenic-affected countries, the costs and complexity of current methods that can achieve &lt;1 μg/L are prohibitive, which highlights the need for innovative methods that can remove arsenic to &lt;1 μg/L without costly support infrastructure and complicated supply chains. In this work, we used Fe(0) electrolysis, a low cost and scalable technology that is also known as Fe(0) electrocoagulation (EC), to achieve &lt;1 μg/L residual dissolved arsenic. We compared the arsenic removal performance of green rust (GR), ferric (oxyhydr)oxides (Fe(III) oxides) and magnetite (Mag) generated by EC at different pH (7.5 and 9) in the presence of As(III) or As(V) (initial concentrations of 200–11, 000 μg/L). Although GR and Fe(III) oxides removed up to 99% of initial arsenic, neither Fe phase could reliably meet the 1 μg/L target at both pH values. In contrast, EC-generated Mag consistently achieved &lt;1 μg/L, regardless of the initial As(V) concentration and pH. Only solutions with initial As(III) concentrations ≥2200 μg/L resulted in residual arsenic &gt;1 μg/L. As K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy showed that Mag also sorbed arsenic in a unique mode, consistent with partial arsenic incorporation near the particle surface. This sorption mode contrasts with the binuclear, corner sharing surface complex for GR and Fe(III) oxides, which could explain the difference in arsenic removal efficiency among the three Fe phases. Our results suggest that EC-generated Mag is an attractive method for achieving &lt;1 μg/L particularly in decentralized water treatment. Graphical abstract: Image 1 Highlights: Strategies to treat arsenic (As) to &lt;1 μg/L are needed around the world. Fe(0) electrocoagulation (EC) is a simple and reliable decentralized treatment method. Magnetite generated by Fe(0) EC consistently decreased As(III) or As(V) to &lt;1 μg/L. EC-generated green rust and Fe(III) oxides were less effective at achieving 1 μg/L. EC-magnetite removed As by structural incorporation near the particle surface.