Inverse Modeling the Brazil‐Malvinas Confluence. Issue 1 (21st January 2019) - Orúe‐Echevarría, Dorleta
Abstract: The Brazil‐Malvinas Confluence arises from the frontal encountering of the subtropical Brazil Current and subantarctic Malvinas Current. It displays a complex regional circulation that is accompanied by mesoscale features and thermohaline intrusions. Here we combine altimetry and cruise data to describe the circulation pattern in the upper 2, 000 m at two spatial scales encircling the frontal system. The major regional features appear south of the confluence latitude at 39–40°S: (a) a relatively weak Malvinas Current near 41°S, 56°W (28.3 ± 1.4 Sv), followed by its cyclonic retroflection; (b) an intense subtropical anticyclone (59.3 ± 10.7 Sv) that replaces the Brazil Current overshoot; and (c) a very intense subantarctic inflow (78.9 ± 13.7 Sv) near 53°W that is maintained through both an upstream (near 42°S) earlier diversion of the Malvinas Current and the cyclonic recirculation of the flow exiting east along the confluence. North of the confluence, the Brazil Current provides a net input of 30.8 ± 12.0 Sv (29.1 ± 8.3 Sv along the slope). The southern inflow splits nearly equal between barotropic and baroclinic contributions while the entire northern flow is essentially baroclinic. These northern and southern inputs add to an eastward along‐front transport of 109.7 ± 15.1 Sv, with significant contribution of highly oxygenated, relatively fresh Subantarctic Mode and Antarctic Intermediate Waters (58.7 ± 5.6 Sv). The regional circulation experiences substantial temporal variability, with southern waters flowing into the Brazil‐Malvinas Confluence through along‐slope and interior pathways and partly recirculating within the subtropical South Atlantic gyre. Plain Language Summary: The Brazil Malvinas Confluence is an intense frontal system, the meeting point of the southward Brazil Current, which transports subtropical relatively warm, salty, and poorly oxygenated waters, and the Malvinas Current, carrying subantarctic relatively fresh, cold, and highly oxygenated waters. Here we examine the conditions in the confluence at the time of the TIC‐MOC cruise, paying special attention to their previous evolution. South of the confluence (39–40°S), the circulation is characterized by a relatively weak along‐slope Malvinas Current and an interior intense dipole while north of the confluence the main current is the along‐slope Brazil Current; the southern and northern inputs conduce to a very intense eastward along‐front South Atlantic Current. We find that the conditions at the confluence are forced by both the impinging boundary currents and the interior ocean conditions. Further, the confluence is a site where subantarctic waters flow underneath the subtropical layers and recirculate south after experiencing substantial transformations in the subtropical gyre. We may conclude that the confluence acts both as a barrier and a blender of subtropical and subantarctic waters, of especial relevance in the meridional transport of heat and other properties. Key Points: We apply an inverse model to determine barotropic, baroclinic, and total volume transports at two different spatial scales encircling the Brazil‐Malvinas Confluence Both cruise and model data show a weak along‐slope Malvinas Current at 41°S (28 Sv) and a much more intense northward interior branch (79 Sv) into the confluence The confluence holds substantial cross‐frontal exchange, including the subduction of subantarctic layers and their diapycnal mixing with subtropical waters