A Dynamic Memory Systems Framework for Sex Differences in Fear Memory. Issue 10 (October 2019)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Tronson, Natalie C.; Keiser, Ashley A.
• Is Part Of: Trends in neurosciences. Volume 42:Issue 10(2019)
• Page Start: 680
• Page End: 692
• Publication Date: 2019-10
• Subjects: context fear conditioning -- females -- males -- multiple memory systems -- dynamic memory systems -- molecular mechanisms -- neural circuits -- Pavlovian conditioning; Neurology -- Periodicals; Neurophysiology -- Periodicals; Neurobiology -- Periodicals; 612.8
• DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2019.07.009
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0166-2236

Abstract

Abstract : Emerging research demonstrates that a pattern of overlapping but distinct molecular and circuit mechanisms are engaged by males and females during memory tasks. Importantly, sex differences in neural mechanisms and behavioral strategies are evident even when performance on a memory task is similar between females and males. We propose that sex differences in memory may be best understood within a dynamic memory systems framework. Specifically, sex differences in hormonal influences and neural circuit development result in biases in the circuits engaged and the information preferentially stored or retrieved in males and females. By using animal models to understand the neural networks and molecular mechanisms required for memory in both sexes, we can gain crucial insights into sex and gender biases in disorders including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in humans. Highlights: Relatively few sex differences in performance on memory tasks have been observed, but emerging research demonstrates striking sex differences in circuits, molecular mechanisms, behavioral strategies, and synaptic plasticity even in tasks where memory performance is similar. Memory circuits and systems are not static. Instead, environmental and task-specific influences can dynamically determine which circuits are preferentially recruited to form memory. We propose that sex differences in the brain and hormonal milieu result in differential engagement of preferred memory systems or circuits between males and females. Historically, memory and its neural substrates have been defined in males. However, there are striking sex differences in vulnerability to conditions involving memory impairment, including PTSD and Alzheimer's disease. Studying memory in both sexes and identifying female-specific mechanisms is crucial for understanding both normal and pathological memory processes.