Cyanide and lactate levels in patients during chronic oral amygdalin intake followed by intravenous amygdalin administration. (April 2019)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Mani, Jens; Rutz, Jochen; Maxeiner, Sebastian; Juengel, Eva; Bon, Dimitra; Roos, Frederik; Chun, Felix K.-H.; Blaheta, Roman A.
• Is Part Of: Complementary therapies in medicine. Volume 43(2019)
• Page Start: 295
• Page End: 299
• Publication Date: 2019-04
• Subjects: Complementary medicine -- Amygdalin -- Cancer patients -- Cyanide -- Lactate; Alternative medicine -- Periodicals; Complementary Therapies -- Periodicals; Médecines parallèles -- Périodiques; Thérapeutique -- Périodiques; Alternative medicine; Electronic journals; Periodicals; 615.5
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2019.03.002
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0965-2299

Abstract

Highlights: Amygdalin is converted into hydrogen cyanide after ingestion and may induce cyanide toxicity. This retrospective study is the first one worldwide evaluating cyanide levels under conditions employed by amygdalin administrators. The data highlights that cyanid level increases in patients following amygdalin intake, however, that blood lactate level decreases. Therefore, amygdalin use may not be correlated with metabolic acidosis. Abstract: The natural compound amygdalin has gained high popularity among tumor patients as a complementary or alternative treatment option. However, due to metabolization of amygdalin to cyanide (HCN) following oral consumption, there could be a high risk of lactic acidosis caused by cyanide intoxication. The present retrospective study was undertaken to evaluate cyanide blood and lactate plasma levels of tumor patients (n = 55) before and after intravenous (i.v.) amygdalin infusion. All patients had also continuously ingested amygdalin tablets (3 x 500 mg/day), excepting on the days of i.v. administration. Each patient received one to five intravenous amygdalin treatments. The time period between each i.v. application ranged between 4–6 days. The initial i.v. dose was 6 mg (n = 28), 9 mg (n = 1), 15 mg (n = 1) or 18 mg (n = 25). The mean cyanide blood level before i.v. amygdalin administration was 34.74 μg/L, which increased significantly to a mean value of 66.20 μg/L after i. v. amygdalin application. In contrast, lactate decreased significantly from 1266 μmol/L pre-infusion to 868 μmol/L post-infusion. Increasing i.v. amygdalin by 1 mg was also associated with a significant increase in the cyanide level, while the lactate blood level significantly decreased. This is the first study evaluating cyanide levels under conditions employed by amygdalin administrators, i.e. after chronic oral amygdalin intake and then again after a closely subsequent intravenous amygdalin administration. Since lactate decreased, whilst cyanide increased, it is concluded that elevation of cyanide does not induce metabolic acidosis in terms of an increased lactate level.