A time series clustering approach for Building Automation and Control Systems. (15th March 2019)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Bode, Gerrit; Schreiber, Thomas; Baranski, Marc; Müller, Dirk
• Is Part Of: Applied energy. Volume 238(2019)
• Page Start: 1337
• Page End: 1345
• Publication Date: 2019-03-15
• Subjects: Big data -- Unsupervised -- Machine learning -- Building automation and control -- Time series clustering -- Feature extraction; Power (Mechanics) -- Periodicals; Energy conservation -- Periodicals; Energy conversion -- Periodicals; 621.042
• DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.196
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0306-2619

Abstract

Highlights: Unsupervised clustering algorithms can be applied to labeling building energy data. They cannot reach the performance of supervised alternatives. Results of clustering provide insights into the data structures found in buildings. Auto-encoders provide a stable, independent alternative for feature selection. Abstract: Structured data of all sensors and actuators are a requirement for decisions about control strategies and efficiency optimization in Building Automation. In practice, the analysis of data is a challenging and time-consuming task. In previous work, it has been demonstrated that classification algorithms may reach high classification accuracies when applied to building data. However, supervised algorithms require labelled training data sets and a predefined classes, and depend highly on the selection of input features. In this paper, we investigate how unsupervised machine learning techniques can be used to tackle both the problem of classification of time series as well as the problem of feature selection. We present a selection of the most promising algorithms and apply them on data extracted from the E.ON Energy Research Center. We then investigate the use of an unsupervised feature extraction compared to the statistical features used in previous literature by comparing the results of the classification on different data sets. Our investigations show that the unsupervised methods we apply to not find data clusters that represent the pre-defined class labels. They, however, are able to find groups of similar data points, showing that clustering is in general possible and that the time series have distinguishable properties. We also see a more robust performance of the classification algorithms when unsupervised feature extraction is used. The results of this paper show that unsupervised machine learning algorithms cannot generally mitigate the issue of missing training data. However, they can improve supervised classification by providing a more robust set of features compared to manual selection. From the clusters that where found we can derive insights about the properties of the time series, that allow us to make a better assessment which information that can be extracted using data-driven algorithms.