Review of the state-of-the-art of particulate matter emissions from modern gasoline fueled engines. (15th March 2019)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Qian, Yong; Li, Zilong; Yu, Liang; Wang, Xiaole; Lu, Xingcai
• Is Part Of: Applied energy. Volume 238(2019)
• Page Start: 1269
• Page End: 1298
• Publication Date: 2019-03-15
• Subjects: AFR Air/Fuel Ratio -- AM Accumulation mode -- CAI Controlled Auto-Ignition -- CARB California Air Resources Board -- CDC Conventional Diesel Combustion -- CEC Coordinating European Council-reference gasoline -- CFD Computational Fluid Dynamics -- CPC Condensation Particle Counter -- DBE Double Bond Equivalents -- DFSI Dual Fuel Spark Ignition -- DI Direct Injection -- EEPS Engine Exhaust Particle Size -- EGR Exhaust Gas Recirculation -- ELPI Electrical Low Pressure Impactor -- EUDC Extra Urban Driving Cycle -- FFV Flexible Fuel Vehicle -- GCI Gasoline Compression Ignition -- GDI Gasoline Direct Injection -- GPF Gasoline Particulate Filter -- HCCI Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition -- IMEP Indicated Mean Effective Pressure -- LA92 Unified Driving Cycle -- LDV Light Duty Vehicle -- LEV Low-Emission Vehicle -- MON Motor Octane Number -- MTBE Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether -- NEDC New European Driving Cycle -- NIMEP Net Indicated Mean Effective Pressure -- NM Nucleation mode -- PAH Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon -- PCCI Premixed Charge Compression Ignition -- PFI Port Fuel Injection -- PM Particulate Matter -- PMI Particulate Matter Index -- PN Particle Number -- PNI Particle Number Index -- PPCI Partially Premixed Compression Ignition -- PSD Particulate size distribution -- RCCI Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition -- RON Research Octane Number -- RVP Reid Vapor Pressure -- SCCI Stratified Charge Compression Ignition -- SEM Scanning Electron Microscope -- SGDI Spry-Guided Direct Injection -- SI Spark Ignition -- SIDI Spark Ignition Direct Injection -- SMD Sauter Mean Diameter -- SMPS Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer -- SULEV Super ultra-low emissions vehicle -- TDC Top Dead Center -- TDI Turbocharged Direct Injection -- TEM Transmission electron microscope -- TFP75 Federal Test Procedure 75 -- TWC Three Way Catalysts -- ULG Unleaded Gasoline -- UNIFAC Universal Functional Activity Coefficient -- US06 Aggressive Driving Cycle Part of The Supplemental FTP -- WGDI Wall-Guided Direct Injection -- WLTC World-Wide Harmonized Light Duty Test Cycle -- WOT Wide Open Throttle; Gasoline direct injection engine -- Port fuel injection engine -- Particulate matter -- Particle number -- Particulate size distribution -- Control strategy; Power (Mechanics) -- Periodicals; Energy conservation -- Periodicals; Energy conversion -- Periodicals; 621.042
• DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.179
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0306-2619

Abstract

Highlights: The particulate matter emission characteristics of port injection and direct injection engines are compared. Effects of fuel properties, operating conditions and alcohol addition on particulate emission are summarized. Influences of vehicle driving cycle on particulate matter mass and particle number are documented. The particulate emission of gasoline in advanced combustion mode are briefly discussed. Abstract: Gasoline direct injection engines are widely used because of their high thermal efficiency, despite their significant high particulate emissions. Due to the potential carcinogenicity of engine particulate emissions, the new gasoline direct injection passenger vehicle emissions standards have begun to limit the particle number and/or the mass of the particulate matter emissions. To combat high particulate matter emissions, a large number of studies have been conducted worldwide to determine the most effective cause of particulate matter emissions. It was found that particulate emissions are mainly derived from the non-premixed combustion and the stratified combustion of the fuel film on the piston top surface, cylinder walls, and valve bottom surface. Thus, the fuel/air mixture preparation methods, fuel physicochemical properties, and engine operating parameters have significant effects on particulate matter emissions. In addition, the particulate matter emissions of light-duty vehicles are measured on the chassis dynamometer in various driving cycles, which implies that the driving cycles will play an important role in the testing results, even for a vehicle engine. Therefore, in terms of the recently published documents on this important topic, this paper presents a comprehensive review on the latest research progress, including the particulate matter formation mechanism of gasoline engines, effects of fuel/air mixture preparation strategies, fuel physical-chemical properties, and engine operating conditions on particulate size distribution characteristics. Furthermore, the characteristics of the particulate emissions of gasoline/alcohol blends, and the effects of the driving cycle on vehicle particulate emissions were also summarized. In addition, the characteristics of the particulate emissions of new-generation gasoline combustion modes, such as homogenous charge compression ignition combustion, reactivity control compression ignition combustion, and gasoline compression ignition combustion are preliminarily discussed, and future research directions are also discussed.