Epidemiology and causes of chronic kidney disease. (September 2019)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Noble, Rebecca; Taal, Maarten W.
• Is Part Of: Medicine. Volume 47:Number 9(2019)
• Page Start: 562
• Page End: 566
• Publication Date: 2019-09
• Subjects: Causes -- chronic kidney disease -- chronic kidney failure -- definition -- end-stage kidney disease -- prevalence -- renal replacement therapy -- risk factors; Medicine -- Periodicals; Medicine -- Periodicals; Médecine -- Périodiques; Médecine factuelle -- Périodiques; Medicine; Periodicals; Electronic journals; Electronic journals; 610
• DOI: 10.1016/j.mpmed.2019.06.010
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 1357-3039

Abstract

Abstract: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is diagnosed when evidence of kidney damage (reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR) or proteinuria) has been present for >3 months. It is divided into categories depending on GFR and urine albumin:creatinine ratio (UACR). CKD is common, affecting 13% of the adult population globally; the prevalence rises sharply with age. Recognition of CKD is important because it is associated with multiple adverse outcomes including increased risk of cardiovascular events, acute kidney injury (AKI) and progression to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Risk factors for CKD can be divided into initiating and perpetuating factors, and include genetic factors, ethnicity, socioeconomic factors and age. There are multiple causes of CKD, the most common being diabetes mellitus. Other causes include glomerulonephritis, genetic disorders, drugs, cardiovascular disease, multisystem diseases, urinary tract obstruction, infections and AKI. In order to reduce the burden of CKD, it is essential to recognize which patients are at most risk so they can be diagnosed and treated early to reduce the risk of progression to ESKD. Individuals with newly diagnosed hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, multisystem disorders, evidence of urinary obstruction or significant family history should be tested for CKD.