Impacts of multi-element flame retardants on flame retardancy, thermal stability, and pyrolysis behavior of epoxy resin. (September 2019)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Zhao, Bin; Liu, Peng-Wei; Xiong, Kuan-Kuan; Liu, Hui-Hui; Zhao, Pei-Hua; Liu, Ya-Qing
• Is Part Of: Polymer degradation and stability. Volume 167(2019)
• Page Start: 217
• Page End: 227
• Publication Date: 2019-09
• Subjects: Flame retardancy -- Metal complexe -- P/N/Si-containing -- Epoxy resin -- Py-GC/MS; Polymers -- Deterioration -- Periodicals; Stabilizing agents -- Periodicals; Polymères -- Dégradation -- Périodiques; Stabilisants -- Périodiques; 668.9
• DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.07.004
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0141-3910

Abstract

Abstract: N-substituted bis(diphenylphosphanyl)amine RN(PPh2 )2 (PNP; R = CH2 CH2 CH2 Si(OEt)3 ) and its mononuclear nickel(II) ethanedithiolate complexe RN(PPh2 )2 Ni(SCH2 CH2 S) (PNS; R = CH2 CH2 CH2 Si(OEt)3 ) were prepared and used as multi-element flame retardants for epoxy resin (EP). Results of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that the incorporation of PNP or PNS restrained the decomposition of EP and also improved the stability of char residues. Moreover, results of limited oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL-94), microscale combustion calorimeter (MCC), and cone calorimeter tests proved that both PNP and PNS endowed EP with good flame retardancy. Different chemical structures and action mechanisms of PNP and PNS resulted in different degrees of flame retardancy for EP. Although EP/PNP samples caused a little higher LOI values than those of EP/PNS ones, the incorporation of 7 wt% PNS endowed EP with a lower peak of heat release rate (PHRR) and total smoke production (TSP), thereby indicating better flame-retardant and smoke suppression effects. Furthermore, thermogravimetry-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR) and pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) were employed to analyze the pyrolysis behavior of EPs and flame retardants. The morphologies of char layers for EPs were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). In comparison to PNP, PNS promoted the formation of a stronger protective char barrier comprising by P/Si/S/Ni elements and also restrained the effects of flammable gases on EP. Highlights: N-substituted bis(diphenylphosanyl)amine (PNP) and its mononuclear nickel(Ⅱ) ethaneditiolate complexe (PNS) are prepared. PNS show better flame-retardant effect than PNP due to the additional flame-retardant elements S and Ni. PNS reveals excellent flame retardant and smoke suppression effects for epoxy resin. Part of P, S and Si and all of Ni from PNS promote the formation of a protective char barrier for EP.