A survey of adulterants used to cut cocaine in samples seized in the Espírito Santo State by GC–MS allied to chemometric tools. Issue 2 (March 2016)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: de Souza, Lindamara M.; Rodrigues, Rayza R.T.; Santos, Heloá; Costa, Helber B.; Merlo, Bianca B.; Filgueiras, Paulo R.; Poppi, Ronei J.; Vaz, Boniek G.; Romão, Wanderson
• Is Part Of: Science & justice. Volume 56:Issue 2(2016)
• Page Start: 73
• Page End: 79
• Publication Date: 2016-03
• Subjects: Cocaine -- Chemical profile -- GC–MS -- Chemometrics -- PCA; Forensic sciences -- Periodicals; Criminal investigation -- Periodicals; Forensic Medicine -- Periodicals; Jurisprudence -- Periodicals; Criminalistique -- Périodiques; Enquêtes criminelles -- Périodiques; Criminal investigation; Forensic sciences; Electronic journals; Periodicals; 363.2505
• DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2015.11.006
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 1355-0306

Abstract

Abstract: Cocaine is a stimulant drug of the central nervous system (CNS) extracted from the leaves of Erytroxylum coca . It is defined as a tropane alkaloid containing 1R-(exo, exo)-3-(benzoyloxy)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylic acid methyl esther. However, despite its defined composition, a wide variety of chemical additives are present in cocaine found in the illicit market, such as benzocaine, lidocaine, caffeine, procaine and phenacetin. In this work, 512 cocaine samples seized by the Civil Police of Espirito Santo state (PC-ES, Brazil) were analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS) allied to principal component analysis (PCA) in order to classify the samples as a function of seizure year (2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012) and location (metropolitan, north, south and central). The cocaine content (wt.%) and its adulterants were also estimated. Analyzing the samples seized between 2008 and 2011, three sample sets are clearly grouped according to the degree of adulteration with caffeine and lidocaine: 100–50 wt.% of cocaine; 50–20 wt.% of cocaine; and 20–80 wt.% of lidocaine and 60–80 wt.% of caffeine, simultaneously. The last group is formed by samples seized between 2008 and 2009, which proves the higher degree of adulteration during this period. In 2012, higher cocaine content was observed for the 191 analyzed samples than in samples from previous years. The PCA data also suggests that the metropolitan region samples had a higher degree of adulteration than the state countryside samples. Highlights: 512 cocaine samples were analyzed by GC–MS allied PCA in order to classify the samples. Three sample sets are clearly grouped according to the degree of adulteration. Samples seized in 2008–2009 years proved the higher degree of adulteration. In 2012, a higher cocaine content was observed for the 191 analyzed samples. The PCA data also suggests that the metropolitan region samples had a higher degree of adulteration.