Multiple exposures to organophosphate flame retardants alter urinary oxidative stress biomarkers among children: The Hokkaido Study. (October 2019)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Ait Bamai, Yu; Bastiaensen, Michiel; Araki, Atsuko; Goudarzi, Houman; Konno, Satoshi; Ito, Sachiko; Miyashita, Chihiro; Yao, Yiming; Covaci, Adrian; Kishi, Reiko
• Is Part Of: Environment international. Volume 131(2019)
• Publication Date: 2019-10
• Subjects: 3-HO-TPHP 3-hydroxyphenyl diphenyl phosphate -- 4-HO-DPHP 4-hydroxyphenyl phenyl phosphate -- 4-HO-TPHP 4-hydroxyphenyl diphenyl phosphate -- 5-HO-EHDPHP 2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl diphenyl phosphate -- 8-OHdG 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine -- BBOEHEP 2-hydroxyethyl bis(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate -- BBOEP bis(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate -- BCIPHIPP 1-hydroxy-2-propyl bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate -- BCIPP bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate -- BDCIPP bis(1, 3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate -- BMI body mass index -- CI confidence interval -- DPHP diphenyl phosphate -- EHDPHP 2-ethylhexyl phenyl phosphate -- EHPHP 2-ethylhexyl phenyl phosphate -- ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay -- ETS environmental tobacco smoke -- HEL hexanoyl-lysine -- HNE 4-hydroxynonenal -- LOQ limit of quantification -- 3-HO-TBOEP (3-hydroxy)-2-butoxyethyl bis(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate -- PFR organophosphate flame retardant -- PUF polyurethane foam -- SVOC semi-volatile organic compound -- TBOEP Tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate -- TCEP tris(chloroethyl) phosphate -- TCIPP tris(1-chloro-2-isopropyl) phosphate -- TDCIPP tris(2, 3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate -- TNBP tri-n-butyl phosphate -- TPHP triphenyl phosphate -- WQS weighted quantile sum; Organophosphate flame retardant (PFR) -- Urinary metabolites -- Oxidative stress biomarkers -- Multiple exposures; Environmental protection -- Periodicals; Environmental health -- Periodicals; Environmental monitoring -- Periodicals; Environmental Monitoring -- Periodicals; Environnement -- Protection -- Périodiques; Hygiène du milieu -- Périodiques; Environnement -- Surveillance -- Périodiques; Environmental health; Environmental monitoring; Environmental protection; Periodicals; 333.705
• DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105003
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0160-4120

Abstract

Abstract: Organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) are used as additives in plastics and other applications such as curtains and carpets as a replacement for brominated flame retardants. As such, exposure to PFR mixtures is widespread, with children being more vulnerable than adults to associated health risks such as allergies and inflammation. Oxidative stress is thought to be able to modulate the development of childhood airway inflammation and atopic dermatitis. To evaluate these associations, the present study investigated the relationship between urinary PFR metabolites, their mixtures and urinary oxidative stress biomarkers in children as part of the Hokkaido Study on Environment and Children's Health. The levels of the oxidative stress biomarkers, such as 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), hexanoyl-lysine (HEL), and 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), and of 14 PFR metabolites were measured in morning spot urine samples of 7-year-old children (n = 400). Associations between PFR metabolites or PFR metabolite mixtures and oxidative stress biomarkers were examined by multiple regression analysis and weighted quantile sum regression analysis, respectively. We found that the non-chlorinated PFR metabolites, 2-ethylhexyl phenyl phosphate (EHPHP), bis(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (BBOEP), and diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) were associated with increased levels of oxidative stress biomarkers. Furthermore, the PFR metabolite mixture was associated with increased levels of HEL and HNE, but not 8-OHdG. The combination of elevated top 2 PFR metabolites was not associated with higher urinary oxidative stress marker levels. This is the first study to report associations between urinary PFR metabolites and oxidative stress biomarkers among children. Highlights: Non-chlorinated PFR metabolites were associated with oxidative stress biomarkers. Exposure to a PFR metabolite mixture was associated with increased levels of HEL and HNE, but not of 8-OHdG. The combination of elevated top 2 PFR metabolites was not associated with higher urinary oxidative stress marker levels.