Decreased serum total cholesterol is associated with a history of childhood physical violence in depressed outpatients. (February 2019)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Kraav, Siiri-Liisi; Tolmunen, Tommi; Kärkkäinen, Olli; Ruusunen, Anu; Viinamäki, Heimo; Mäntyselkä, Pekka; Koivumaa-Honkanen, Heli; Valkonen-Korhonen, Minna; Honkalampi, Kirsi; Herzig, Karl-Heinz; Lehto, Soili M.
• Is Part Of: Psychiatry research. Volume 272(2019)
• Page Start: 326
• Page End: 333
• Publication Date: 2019-02
• Subjects: Major depressive disorder -- Childhood trauma -- Cholesterol -- Adverse childhood experiences -- Physical violence; Psychiatry -- Periodicals; Psychiatry -- periodicals; Psychiatrie -- Périodiques; 616.89
• DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.108
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0165-1781

Abstract

Highlights: Lowered total cholesterol levels among MDD patients with childhood physical violence. Findings remained significant after comprehensive adjustments for several factors. Total cholesterol correlated with the chronicity of depression. Abstract: Associations between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and cholesterol in depressed patients are unclear. Therefore, we compared 78 adult outpatients with major depressive disorder (MDD) with ( n = 24) or without ( n = 54) experiences of physical violence in childhood. Background data were collected with questionnaires, and total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were measured from fasting blood samples. Patients with a history of childhood physical violence had lower levels of TC than the control group. No differences were observed in HDL-C, LDL-C, or low-grade inflammation levels between the two groups. In multivariate models, decreased levels of TC were associated with childhood physical violence, and these associations remained significant after adjustments for age, gender, lifestyle, metabolic condition, socioeconomic situation, psychiatric status, suicidality, low-grade inflammation, the chronicity of depression, medications used and somatic diseases. At the 8-month follow-up, the results were essentially the same when the Trauma and Distress Scale (TADS) was used as the measure of ACEs. The specific mechanisms underlying cholesterol alterations associated with ACEs are a topic for future studies. Better understanding of these mechanisms might lead to possible new interventions in the prevention of adverse health effects resulting from ACEs.