Cyber security of a power grid: State-of-the-art. (July 2018)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Sun, Chih-Che; Hahn, Adam; Liu, Chen-Ching
• Is Part Of: International journal of electrical power & energy systems. Volume 99(2018)
• Page Start: 45
• Page End: 56
• Publication Date: 2018-07
• Subjects: Cyber-physical system -- Cyber security -- Intrusion detection -- CPS testbed -- Smart grid; ADS Anomaly detection system -- ADA Advanced distribution automation -- AMI Advanced metering infrastructure -- AMR Automatic meter reading -- ANSI America National Standards Institute -- CC Control center -- CCADS Coordinated cyber attack detection system -- CIP Critical infrastructure protection -- CPS Cyber-physical system -- CT Current transformer -- DA Distribution automation -- DER Distributed energy resources -- DMS Distribution management system -- DNP3 Distributed network protocol 3.0 -- DOE Department of Energy -- DoS Denial of service -- EMS Energy management system -- E-ISAC Electricity Information Sharing and Analysis Center -- ESCSWG Energy Sector Control Systems Working Group -- FCN Field communication network -- FDIR Fault detection, isolation and recovery -- FRTU Feeder remote terminal unit -- GOOSE Generic object-oriented substation event -- GPS Global positioning system -- HAN Home area network -- HMI Human machine interface -- HIDS Host-based IDS -- LAN Local area network -- MDMS Meter data management system -- MMS Manufacturing message specification -- MTTC Mean-time-to-compromise -- MU Merging unit -- NAN Neighborhood area network -- NERC North American Electric Reliability Corporation -- NIDS Network-based IDS -- NIST National Institute for Standards and Technology -- IADS Integrated ADS -- ICT Information and communications technology -- ICCP Inter-control center communications protocol -- IDPS Intrusion detection and prevention system -- IDS Intrusion detection system -- IEC International Electrotechnical Commission -- IED Intelligent electronic device -- IP Internet Protocol -- ISA International Society for Automation -- ISEAGE Internet-scale event and attack generation environment -- ISM Industrial, scientific, and medical (radio bandwidth) -- IT Information technology -- OMS Outage management system -- OPC Object linking and embedding for process control -- PDC Phasor data concentrator -- PLC Programmable logic controller -- PMU Phasor measurement unit -- RTDS Real-time digital simulator -- RTU Remote terminal unit -- SAS Substation automation system -- SAIFI System average interruption frequency index -- SAIDI System average interruption duration index -- SCADA Supervisory control and data acquisition -- SCL Substation configuration language -- SCT Smart City Testbed -- SDO Standard Development Organization -- SMV Sample measured value -- TO Transmission operator -- VT Voltage transformer -- WAMS Wide area monitoring system -- WAN Wide area network -- WSU Washington State University; Electrical engineering -- Periodicals; Electric power systems -- Periodicals; Électrotechnique -- Périodiques; Réseaux électriques (Énergie) -- Périodiques; Electric power systems; Electrical engineering; Periodicals; 621.3
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2017.12.020
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0142-0615

Abstract

Highlights: A review of cyber systems in a smart grid is provided with a list of the communication standards. Requirements for cyber security and industry practice are discussed. The state-of-the-art cyber protection and cyber-physical system testbeds are summarized. The proposed methodology for detection of coordinated cyber attacks is demonstrated. Unsolved cyber vulnerabilities that require future research are described. Abstract: The integration of computing and communication capabilities with the power grid has led to numerous vulnerabilities in the cyber-physical system (CPS). This cyber security threat can significantly impact the physical infrastructure, economy, and society. In traditional IT environments, there are already abundant attack cases demonstrating that unauthorized users have the capability to access and manipulate sensitive data from a protected network domain. Electric power grids have also heavily adopted information technology (IT) to perform real-time control, monitoring, and maintenance tasks. In 2015, a sophisticated cyber attack targeted Ukrainian's power grid causing wide area power outages. It highlights the importance of investment on cyber security against intruders. This paper provides a state-of-the-art survey of the most relevant cyber security studies in power systems. It reviews research that demonstrates cyber security risks and constructs solutions to enhance the security of a power grid. To achieve this goal, this paper covers: (1) a survey of the state-of-the-art smart grid technologies, (2) power industry practices and standards, (3) solutions that address cyber security issues, (4) a review of existing CPS testbeds for cyber security research, and (5) unsolved cyber security problems. Power grid cyber security research has been conducted at Washington State University (WSU) with a hardware-in-a-loop CPS testbed. A demonstration is provided to show how the proposed defense systems can be deployed to protect a power grid against cyber intruders.