Aggregate consumer exposure to isothiazolinones via household care and personal care products: Probabilistic modelling and benzisothiazolinone risk assessment. (September 2018)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Garcia-Hidalgo, Elena; Schneider, Dovilé; von Goetz, Natalie; Delmaar, Christiaan; Siegrist, Michael; Hungerbühler, Konrad
• Is Part Of: Environment international. Volume 118(2018)
• Page Start: 245
• Page End: 256
• Publication Date: 2018-09
• Subjects: A.I.S.E. International Association for Soaps Detergents and Maintenance Products -- ACD allergic contact dermatitis -- AEL Acceptable Exposure Level -- BIT 1, 2‑Benzisothiazol‑3‑(2H)‑one -- CDFs cumulative distribution functions -- CEL consumer Exposure Level -- CMI 5‑Chloro‑2‑methyl‑4‑isothiazolin‑3‑one -- EC European Commission -- ECETOC European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals -- EEAHC European Executive Agency for Health and Consumers -- EPHECT Emissions, Exposure Patterns and Health Effects of Consumer Products in the EU (study name) -- GSA global sensitivity analysis -- HC&PCPs household care and personal care products -- HCPs household care products -- HRIPT Human Repeat Insult Patch Test -- IDEA International Dialogue for the Evaluation of Allergens -- Kow octanol-water partitioning coefficient [−] -- kp permeability coefficient [−] -- LLNA local lymph node assay -- MCSs Monte Carlo Simulations -- MI 2‑Methylisothiazolin‑3(2H)‑one -- MW molecular weight -- NESIL No Expected Sensitization Induction Level -- OIT 2‑Octyl‑3(2H)‑isothiazolinone -- PACEM Probabilistic Aggregated Consumer Exposure Model -- PACEM-KD Probabilistic Aggregated Consumer Exposure Model–Kinetic, Dermal -- PCPs personal care products -- QRA Quantitative Risk Assessment -- SAFs Sensitization Assessment Factors -- SCCP Scientific Committee on Consumer Products -- SCCS Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety -- SFSO Swiss Federal Statistical Office -- SI Supplementary Information -- U.S. EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency; Aggregated exposure -- Tiered approach -- Consumer product -- Personal care products -- Exposure factors -- Cleaning agents -- Sensitizer -- Sensitization; Environmental protection -- Periodicals; Environmental health -- Periodicals; Environmental monitoring -- Periodicals; Environmental Monitoring -- Periodicals; Environnement -- Protection -- Périodiques; Hygiène du milieu -- Périodiques; Environnement -- Surveillance -- Périodiques; Environmental health; Environmental monitoring; Environmental protection; Periodicals; 333.705
• DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.05.047
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0160-4120

Abstract

Abstract: Consumers regularly use household care and personal care products (HC&PCPs). Isothiazolinones are included in HC&PCPs as preservatives and are being held responsible for an epidemic rise in allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). The objective of this study was to assess the origin and extent of dermal exposure in order to evaluate the risk of ACD from isothiazolinones in HC&PCP. Individual-based aggregate dermal exposure to four isothiazolinones was estimated using the newly proposed Probabilistic Aggregated Consumer Exposure Model–Kinetic, Dermal (PACEM-KD) by combining the reported individual use patterns for HC&PCP in Switzerland (N = 669 (558 adults), ages 0–91) with isothiazolinone concentrations measured in products used by the individual person. PACEM-KD extends the original PACEM by considering exposure duration, product dilution and skin permeability. PACEM-KD-based higher-tier exposure on palms (99th percentile) was 15.4 ng/cm 2, 1.3 ng/cm 2, 0.9 ng/cm 2, and 0.08 ng/cm 2 for the isothiazolinones 1, 2‑Benzisothiazol‑3‑(2H)‑one (BIT), 2‑Octyl‑3(2H)‑isothiazolinone (OIT), 2‑Methylisothiazolin‑3(2H)‑one (MI), and 5‑Chloro‑2‑methyl‑4‑isothiazolin‑3‑one (CMI), respectively. Major sources of exposure to BIT included all-purpose cleaners, dishwashing detergent, and kitchen cleaner, while exposure to OIT mainly stems from a fungicide. For MI, the main contributors were dishwashing detergent and all-purpose wet wipes, and for CMI all-purpose cleaner. A Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) for BIT using Sensitization Assessment Factors (SAFs) indicates that around 1% of the Swiss population is at risk to be sensitized by BIT in cosmetics and household chemicals. For isothiazolinones in general the presented higher-tier modelling approach suggests that household cleaners are currently more important sources of exposure than cosmetics. Highlights: Aggregate dermal exposure to four isothiazolinones was estimated probabilistically. Calculations with PACEM-KD (Probabilistic Aggregate Consumer Exposure Model–Kinetic, Dermal) PACEM-KD uses a kinetic approach for dermal uptake of substances in household cleaning products. A Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) was performed for Benzisothiazolinone (BIT). Around 1% of the Swiss population may be at risk of skin sensitization by exposure to BIT.