Influence of cooling architecture on data center power consumption. (15th September 2019)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Moazamigoodarzi, Hosein; Tsai, Peiying Jennifer; Pal, Souvik; Ghosh, Suvojit; Puri, Ishwar K.
• Is Part Of: Energy. Volume 183(2019)
• Page Start: 525
• Page End: 535
• Publication Date: 2019-09-15
• Subjects: Data center -- Distributed cooling -- Power consumption -- Row-based -- Rack-based; Power resources -- Periodicals; Power (Mechanics) -- Periodicals; Energy consumption -- Periodicals; 333.7905
• DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2019.06.140
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0360-5442

Abstract

Abstract: Almost thirty percent of the power consumed by data centers (DCs) is attributable to the cooling of IT equipment (ITE). There are opportunities to reduce a DC's energy budget by considering alternatives to traditional cooling methods, which experience inherent airflow deficiencies due to hot air recirculation and cold air bypass. Minimizing these two air distribution problems results in more effective cooling, but the two effects are manifest differently in the three conventional DC cooling architectures, i.e., (a) room-based, (b) row-based, and (c) rack-based cooling. Despite the intuitive logic that predicts improved cooling air distribution within row- and rack-based architectures that include shorter airflow pathlengths compared to room-based systems that have longer paths, the mechanism through which improvements translate into energy savings is not well understood. Therefore, we present methodologies that resolve the characteristic airflow and temperature distributions for three cooling architectures using computational fluid dynamics. These results inform thermodynamics models of the power consumptions that are required to cool these three architectures. The analysis reveals that row- and rack-based architectures reduce cooling power by much as 29% over a room-based architecture. Adding an enclosure within row- and rack-based architectures to separate the hot and cold airflows provides further 18% reduction in cooling power. This analysis facilitates better DC design from a cooling power consumption perspective. Highlights: Row and rack-based systems cool data centers at higher supply air temperatures. Row and rack-based systems cool data center with lower cold air flowrates. Recirculation R and B bypass are examined through dimensionless numbers. Shorter airflow path lengths between the cooling unit and servers reduce R and B. Enclosed row and rack-based cooling systems are most energy efficient.