Agricultural diversification as an important strategy for achieving food security in Africa. (25th April 2018)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Waha, Katharina; van Wijk, Mark T.; Fritz, Steffen; See, Linda; Thornton, Philip K.; Wichern, Jannike; Herrero, Mario
• Is Part Of: Global change biology. Volume 24:Number 8(2018)
• Page Start: 3390
• Page End: 3400
• Publication Date: 2018-04-25
• Subjects: coefficient of variation -- crop production -- farming diversity -- food availability -- livestock production; Climatic changes -- Environmental aspects -- Periodicals; Troposphere -- Environmental aspects -- Periodicals; Biodiversity conservation -- Periodicals; Eutrophication -- Periodicals; 551.5
• DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14158
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 1354-1013

Abstract

Abstract: Farmers in Africa have long adapted to climatic and other risks by diversifying their farming activities. Using a multi‐scale approach, we explore the relationship between farming diversity and food security and the diversification potential of African agriculture and its limits on the household and continental scale. On the household scale, we use agricultural surveys from more than 28, 000 households located in 18 African countries. In a next step, we use the relationship between rainfall, rainfall variability, and farming diversity to determine the available diversification options for farmers on the continental scale. On the household scale, we show that households with greater farming diversity are more successful in meeting their consumption needs, but only up to a certain level of diversity per ha cropland and more often if food can be purchased from off‐farm income or income from farm sales. More diverse farming systems can contribute to household food security; however, the relationship is influenced by other factors, for example, the market orientation of a household, livestock ownership, nonagricultural employment opportunities, and available land resources. On the continental scale, the greatest opportunities for diversification of food crops, cash crops, and livestock are located in areas with 500–1, 000 mm annual rainfall and 17%–22% rainfall variability. Forty‐three percent of the African cropland lacks these opportunities at present which may hamper the ability of agricultural systems to respond to climate change. While sustainable intensification practices that increase yields have received most attention to date, our study suggests that a shift in the research and policy paradigm toward agricultural diversification options may be necessary. Abstract : Diversification will have an essential role to play in ensuring food security and stabilizing food production in sub‐Saharan Africa. Using a multi‐scale approach, we explore the diversification potential of African agriculture. From surveys from more than 25, 000 households in Africa, we show that households with more diversity are more successful in meeting their consumption needs. We also use data on land cover, land use, and rainfall to highlight those areas with both high diversification potential and high rainfall variability, where investment or policy inventions could be used to help smallholder farmers become more resilient to a changing climate.