Formation of iodinated trihalomethanes and noniodinated disinfection byproducts during chloramination of algal organic matter extracted from Microcystis aeruginosa. (1st October 2019)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Liu, Chao; Ersan, Mahmut S.; Plewa, Michael J.; Amy, Gary; Karanfil, Tanju
• Is Part Of: Water research. Volume 162(2019)
• Page Start: 115
• Page End: 126
• Publication Date: 2019-10-01
• Subjects: Disinfection byproducts -- Algal organic matter -- Iodide -- Iodine substitution factor -- Iodinated trihalomethanes; Water -- Pollution -- Research -- Periodicals; 363.7394
• DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.06.053
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0043-1354

Abstract

Abstract: The increasing occurrence of harmful algal blooms in surface waters may increase the input of algal organic matter (AOM) to the dissolved organic matter pool. The formation of iodinated trihalomethanes (I-THMs) and noniodinated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in synthetic waters containing AOM extracted from Microcystis aeruginosa was investigated in chloramination (preformed and in-situ formed chloramine, NH2 Cl and Cl2 -NH2 Cl, respectively) and chlorination (Cl2 ) processes. AOM is much more favorable for iodine incorporation than natural organic matter (NOM). For example, the formation of I-THM from AOM is much higher than NOM isolate extracted from treated water (e.g., 3.5 times higher in the NH2 Cl process), and thus higher iodine utilization and substitution factors from AOM were observed. Short contact time (2 min) chlorination in Cl2 -NH2 Cl process leading to the formation of halogenated intermediates favored I-THM formation, compared with NH2 Cl process. However, further increasing chlorine contact time from 5 min to 24 h facilitated the conversion from iodide to iodate and thus I-THM formation decreased. Meanwhile, the formation of noniodinated THM4, haloacetonitriles (HANs), and haloacetaldehydes (HALs) increased. Factors including concentrations of AOM and bromide, pH, and chlorine/nitrogen ratios influenced the formation of I-THMs and noniodinated DBPs. To evaluate the benefit of mitigating I-THM formation over the risk of noniodinated DBP formation, measured DBPs were weighed against their mammalian cell toxicity indexes. Increasing the chlorine exposure increased the calculated cytotoxicity based on concentrations of measured I-THMs and noniodinated DBPs since unregulated HANs and HALs were the controlling agents. Graphical abstract: Image 1 Highlights: Algal organic matter forms more I-THMs but less THM4 than natural organic matter. Algal organic matter shows higher iodine substitution and utilization factors. I-THMs are main DBPs formed in chloramination using performed NH2 Cl. Noniodinated DBP levels increase with increasing Cl2 time in in-situ chloramination. Increasing chlorine contact time increases the calculated toxicity of DBP formed.