Bare Neutron Counter and Neutron Monitor Response to Cosmic Rays During a 1995 Latitude Survey. Issue 9 (8th September 2018)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Nuntiyakul, W.; Sáiz, A.; Ruffolo, D.; Mangeard, P.‐S.; Evenson, P.; Bieber, J. W.; Clem, J.; Pyle, R.; Duldig, M. L.; Humble, J. E.
• Is Part Of: Journal of geophysical research. Volume 123:Issue 9(2018)
• Page Start: 7181
• Page End: 7195
• Publication Date: 2018-09-08
• Subjects: cosmic rays -- bare neutron counters -- neutron monitors -- geomagnetic cutoff -- latitude survey -- data analysis; Magnetospheric physics -- Periodicals; Space environment -- Periodicals; Cosmic physics -- Periodicals; Planets -- Atmospheres -- Periodicals; Heliosphere (Astrophysics) -- Periodicals; Geophysics -- Periodicals; 523.01
• DOI: 10.1029/2017JA025135
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 2169-9380

Abstract

Abstract: Neutron monitors of standard design (IGY or NM64) are employed worldwide to study variations in the flux of galactic cosmic rays and solar energetic particles in the GeV range. The design minimizes detector response to neutrons below ∼10 MeV produced by cosmic ray interactions in the ambient medium. Increasingly, however, such neutrons are of interest as a means of obtaining spectral information on cosmic rays, for studies of soil moisture, and for nuclear threat detection. Bare neutron counters, a type of lead‐free neutron monitor, can detect such neutrons, but comparatively little work has been done to characterize the dependence of their count rate on cutoff rigidity. We analyze data from three bare neutron counters operated on a ship together with a three‐tube NM64 monitor from November 1995 to March 1996 over a wide range of magnetic latitude, that is, a latitude survey. The bare counter design used foamed‐in‐place polyurethane insulation to keep the temperature uniform and to some extent moderate high‐energy neutrons. When the ship was near land, the bare/NM64 count rate ratio was dramatically higher. Considering only data from open sea, the bare and NM64 pressure coefficients are not significantly different. We determine the response function of these bare counters, which is weighted to Galactic cosmic rays of lower energy than the NM64. This measurement of the response function may improve determination of the spectral index of solar energetic particles and Galactic cosmic rays from a comparison of bare and NM64 count rates. Key Points: Bare neutron counters and NM64 monitors operated on a ship over a wide range of magnetic latitudes Measured bare counter and NM64 response functions are weighted to different Galactic cosmic ray energies Bare counter to NM64 count rate ratio relates to spectrum of cosmic rays or solar particles