Association of filaggrin gene mutations and childhood eczema and wheeze with phthalates and phosphorus flame retardants in house dust: The Hokkaido study on Environment and Children's Health. (December 2018)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Ait Bamai, Yu; Araki, Atsuko; Nomura, Toshifumi; Kawai, Toshio; Tsuboi, Tazuru; Kobayashi, Sumitaka; Miyashita, Chihiro; Takeda, Masae; Shimizu, Hiroshi; Kishi, Reiko
• Is Part Of: Environment international. Volume 121(2018)Part 1
• Page Start: 102
• Page End: 110
• Publication Date: 2018-12
• Subjects: BBzP butyl benzyl phthalate -- DEHP di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate -- DEP diethyl phthalate -- Der p1 Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus -- Der f1 Dermatophagoides farinae -- DiBP di-iso-butyl phthalate -- DiNP di-iso-nonyl phthalate -- DMP dimethyl phthalate -- DnBP di-n-butyl phthalate -- FLG filaggrin gene -- GC–MS gas chromatography–mass spectrometry -- Ig immunoglobulin -- IL interleukin -- ISAAC International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood -- LOQ limit of quantification -- MHCII major histocompatibility complex class II -- PFR phosphorus flame retardant -- SVOC semi-volatile organic compound -- TBOEP tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate -- TCEP tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate -- TCiPP tris (2-chloro-iso-propyl) phosphate -- TDCiPP tris (1, 3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate -- TEP triethyl phosphate -- TEHP tris (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate -- TMP trimethyl phosphate -- TCP tricresyl phosphate -- TNBP tri-(n-butyl) phosphate -- TPhP triphenyl phosphate; Filaggrin -- Eczema -- Wheeze -- Child -- Phthalate -- Flame retardants; Environmental protection -- Periodicals; Environmental health -- Periodicals; Environmental monitoring -- Periodicals; Environmental Monitoring -- Periodicals; Environnement -- Protection -- Périodiques; Hygiène du milieu -- Périodiques; Environnement -- Surveillance -- Périodiques; Environmental health; Environmental monitoring; Environmental protection; Periodicals; 333.705
• DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.08.046
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0160-4120

Abstract

Abstract: Background and aim: Exposure to phthalates and phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) is considered to be a risk factor for asthma and allergies. However, little is known about the contribution of loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding filaggrin ( FLG ) gene, which are considered to be predisposing factors for eczema and asthma, to these associations. We investigated the associations between exposure to phthalates and PFRs in dust and eczema/wheeze among Japanese children, taking into consideration loss-of-function mutations in FLG . Methods: This study was part of the Hokkaido study on Environment and Children's Health. Seven phthalates and 11 PFRs in household dust were measured by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Eczema and wheeze were assessed in children aged 7 years using the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire. Eight FLG mutations previously identified in the Japanese population were extracted from cord blood samples. Children with one or more FLG mutations were considered to be positive for FLG mutations. The study included 296 children who had complete data (birth records, FLG mutations, first trimester and 7 years questionnaires, and phthalate/PFR levels). Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidential intervals (CIs) of eczema and wheeze were calculated for log-transformed phthalate/PFR levels by logistic regression. We also performed stratified analyses based on FLG mutations. Results: The prevalence rates of eczema and wheeze were 20.6% and 13.9%, respectively. Among children without any FLG mutations, tris (1, 3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) increased the OR of wheeze, (OR: 1.22, CI: 1.00–1.48). Significant p values for trends were found between tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) and eczema and di-iso-nonyl phthalate (DiNP) and eczema among children without any FLG mutations, respectively. Conclusions: Despite our limited sample size and cross-sectional study design, the effects of indoor environmental factors on childhood eczema and wheeze were clearer in children without loss-of-function mutations in FLG than in children with mutations. Children with FLG mutations might already be cared for differently in terms of medication or parental lifestyle. Further studies in larger populations are warranted so that severity of symptoms and combinations of FLG mutations can be investigated. Highlights: Positive dose-response relationships were found between DiNP and eczema among children without FLG mutation. High levels of TDCiPP increased the OR of wheeze among children without FLG mutations. High levels of TBOEP decreased the ORs of eczema among children. Frequent use of the emollients may cause the contradictory findings of DiNP, TDCiPP, and TBOEP