A century of climate and land‐use change cause species turnover without loss of beta diversity in California's Central Valley. (26th October 2018)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: MacLean, Sarah A.; Rios Dominguez, Andrea F.; de Valpine, Perry; Beissinger, Steven R.
• Is Part Of: Global change biology. Volume 24:Number 12(2018)
• Page Start: 5882
• Page End: 5894
• Publication Date: 2018-10-26
• Subjects: Bayesian -- bird -- climate -- drought -- global change -- land use -- occupancy -- resurvey; Climatic changes -- Environmental aspects -- Periodicals; Troposphere -- Environmental aspects -- Periodicals; Biodiversity conservation -- Periodicals; Eutrophication -- Periodicals; 551.5
• DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14458
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 1354-1013

Abstract

Abstract: Climate and land‐use changes are thought to be the greatest threats to biodiversity, but few studies have directly measured their simultaneous impacts on species distributions. We used a unique historic resource—early 20th‐century bird surveys conducted by Joseph Grinnell and colleagues—paired with contemporary resurveys a century later to examine changes in bird distributions in California's Central Valley, one of the most intensively modified agricultural zones in the world and a region of heterogeneous climate change. We analyzed species‐ and community‐level occupancy using multispecies occupancy models that explicitly accounted for imperfect detection probability, and developed a novel, simulation‐based method to compare the relative influences of climate and land‐use covariates on site‐level species richness and beta diversity (measured by Jaccard similarity). Surprisingly, we show that mean occupancy, species richness and between‐site similarity have remained remarkably stable over the past century. Stability in community‐level metrics masked substantial changes in species composition; occupancy declines of some species were equally matched by increases in others, predominantly species with generalist or human‐associated habitat preferences. Bird occupancy, richness and diversity within each era were driven most strongly by water availability (precipitation and percent water cover), indicating that both climate and land‐use are important drivers of species distributions. Water availability had much stronger effects than temperature, urbanization and agricultural cover, which are typically thought to drive biodiversity decline. Abstract : To assess the relative influence of climate and land use to bird distributions of the California Central Valley, we conducted resurveys of sites visited in the early 1900s and analyzed bird occurrence using occupancy models. We found high species turnover, with occupancy increases predominantly by habitat generalists and human adapters. Despite these changes, community‐level occupancy, richness, and diversity remained unexpectedly stable, and were all driven most strongly by water availability relative to temperature, urbanization, or agriculture.