O+ Escape During the Extreme Space Weather Event of 4–10 September 2017. Issue 9 (14th September 2018)
- Record Type:
- Journal Article
- Title:
- O+ Escape During the Extreme Space Weather Event of 4–10 September 2017. Issue 9 (14th September 2018)
- Main Title:
- O+ Escape During the Extreme Space Weather Event of 4–10 September 2017
- Authors:
- Schillings, Audrey
Nilsson, Hans
Slapak, Rikard
Wintoft, Peter
Yamauchi, Masatoshi
Wik, Magnus
Dandouras, Iannis
Carr, Chris M. - Abstract:
- Abstract: We have investigated the consequences of extreme space weather on ion outflow from the polar ionosphere by analyzing the solar storm that occurred early September 2017, causing a severe geomagnetic storm. Several X‐flares and coronal mass ejections were observed between 4 and 10 September. The first shock—likely associated with a coronal mass ejection—hit the Earth late on 6 September, produced a storm sudden commencement, and began the initial phase of the storm. It was followed by a second shock, approximately 24 hr later, that initiated the main phase and simultaneously the Dst index dropped to Dst = −142 nT and Kp index reached Kp = 8. Using COmposition DIstribution Function data on board Cluster satellite 4, we estimated the ionospheric O + outflow before and after the second shock. We found an enhancement in the polar cap by a factor of 3 for an unusually high ionospheric O + outflow (mapped to an ionospheric reference altitude) of 10 13 m −2 s −1 . We suggest that this high ionospheric O + outflow is due to a preheating of the ionosphere by the multiple X‐flares. Finally, we briefly discuss the space weather consequences on the magnetosphere as a whole and the enhanced O + outflow in connection with enhanced satellite drag. Key Points: Multiple X‐flares and three CMEs occurred in 4‐10 September 2017, CMEs are the driver of the storm, whereas the X‐flares might have preheated the ionosphere The O + outflow in the polar cap and cusp is estimated to be 10 13Abstract: We have investigated the consequences of extreme space weather on ion outflow from the polar ionosphere by analyzing the solar storm that occurred early September 2017, causing a severe geomagnetic storm. Several X‐flares and coronal mass ejections were observed between 4 and 10 September. The first shock—likely associated with a coronal mass ejection—hit the Earth late on 6 September, produced a storm sudden commencement, and began the initial phase of the storm. It was followed by a second shock, approximately 24 hr later, that initiated the main phase and simultaneously the Dst index dropped to Dst = −142 nT and Kp index reached Kp = 8. Using COmposition DIstribution Function data on board Cluster satellite 4, we estimated the ionospheric O + outflow before and after the second shock. We found an enhancement in the polar cap by a factor of 3 for an unusually high ionospheric O + outflow (mapped to an ionospheric reference altitude) of 10 13 m −2 s −1 . We suggest that this high ionospheric O + outflow is due to a preheating of the ionosphere by the multiple X‐flares. Finally, we briefly discuss the space weather consequences on the magnetosphere as a whole and the enhanced O + outflow in connection with enhanced satellite drag. Key Points: Multiple X‐flares and three CMEs occurred in 4‐10 September 2017, CMEs are the driver of the storm, whereas the X‐flares might have preheated the ionosphere The O + outflow in the polar cap and cusp is estimated to be 10 13 m ‐2 s ‐1 during the main phase of the geomagnetic storm The entire magnetosphere is affected by space weather event, and the O + enhancement in the cusp might be a good indicator for satellite drag fluctuations … (more)
- Is Part Of:
- Space weather. Volume 16:Issue 9(2018)
- Journal:
- Space weather
- Issue:
- Volume 16:Issue 9(2018)
- Issue Display:
- Volume 16, Issue 9 (2018)
- Year:
- 2018
- Volume:
- 16
- Issue:
- 9
- Issue Sort Value:
- 2018-0016-0009-0000
- Page Start:
- 1363
- Page End:
- 1376
- Publication Date:
- 2018-09-14
- Subjects:
- September 2017 storm -- ion (O+) outflow/escape -- geomagnetic/solar storm -- X‐flares/CMEs -- solar wind interactions -- Cluster
Space environment -- Periodicals
551.509992 - Journal URLs:
- http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1542-7390 ↗
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ ↗ - DOI:
- 10.1029/2018SW001881 ↗
- Languages:
- English
- ISSNs:
- 1542-7390
- Deposit Type:
- Legaldeposit
- View Content:
- Available online (eLD content is only available in our Reading Rooms) ↗
- Physical Locations:
- British Library DSC - 8361.669600
British Library DSC - BLDSS-3PM
British Library HMNTS - ELD Digital store - Ingest File:
- 10918.xml