Levels, variability and determinants of environmental phenols in pairs of Norwegian mothers and children. (May 2018)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Sakhi, Amrit Kaur; Sabaredzovic, Azemira; Papadopoulou, Eleni; Cequier, Enrique; Thomsen, Cathrine
• Is Part Of: Environment international. Volume 114(2018)
• Page Start: 242
• Page End: 251
• Publication Date: 2018-05
• Subjects: ADI acceptable daily intake -- BMI body mass index -- BW body weight -- BP bisphenol -- BP-3 oxybenzone/benzophenone-3 -- BuP butyl paraben -- DEMOCOPHES Demonstration of a study to Coordinate and Perform Human biomonitoring on a European Scale -- EDCs endocrine disrupting chemicals -- EFSA European Food and Safety Authority -- EtP ethyl paraben -- Fue fraction excreted in urine -- ICC intraclass correlation coefficient -- GM geometric mean -- LOD limit of detection -- LOQ limit of quantification -- MeP methyl paraben -- MoBa Mother and Child Cohort study -- MRM multiple reaction monitoring -- MP mobile phase -- MS mass spectrometry -- NA not analyzed -- ND not detectable -- NOAEL no observed adverse effect level -- PCPs personal care products -- PrP propyl paraben -- RSD relative standard deviation -- SCCP Scientific Committee on Consumer products -- SG specific gravity -- SPE solid phase extraction -- ln natural logarithm -- TDI tolerable daily intake -- TCS triclosan -- TCC triclocarban -- UPLC ultra-performance liquid chromatography -- UV ultraviolet; Phenol, urine -- Mass spectrometry -- Personal care products -- Diurnal variability -- ICC; Environmental protection -- Periodicals; Environmental health -- Periodicals; Environmental monitoring -- Periodicals; Environmental Monitoring -- Periodicals; Environnement -- Protection -- Périodiques; Hygiène du milieu -- Périodiques; Environnement -- Surveillance -- Périodiques; Environmental health; Environmental monitoring; Environmental protection; Periodicals; 333.705
• DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.02.037
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0160-4120

Abstract

Abstract: Background: Exposure to environmental phenols including parabens, bisphenols (BPs), oxybenzone/benzophenone-3 (BP-3) and triclosan (TCS) is ubiquitous. Due to evidence of their estrogenic activity, they have been considered as chemicals of concern. The exposure of the Norwegian population to these compounds is presently unknown. Aims: To measure urinary levels of twelve different environmental phenols including four emerging bisphenols: S, F, B and AF (abbreviated as BPS, BPF, BPB and BPAF, respectively) in a healthy Norwegian population. We have calculated short-term variability, estimated daily intakes and investigated important determinants of exposure. Methods: Urine samples were collected from mothers (n = 48) and their children (n = 56) during spring/summer 2012 in two counties in Norway. Results: Six environmental phenols namely methyl, ethyl and propyl paraben, BPA, BP-3 and TCS were detected in almost 100% of the urine samples. Among the emerging bisphenols, BPS was detected most frequently in the urine samples (42–48%) followed by BPF (4–15%). Parabens were positively and significantly correlated to each other in both mothers and children. Levels of parabens and BP-3 were higher in mothers compared to children. All mothers and children had lower estimated daily intakes (back calculated from the urinary concentrations) of parabens and BPA than the respective acceptable and tolerable daily intakes (ADIs and TDIs) established by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Observed intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) indicated moderate to high reliability of spot urine measurements for all the environmental phenols (ICCs: 0.70–0.97). Use of hair products, deodorants, face and hand creams were significantly associated with higher urinary levels of parabens. Conclusions: Occurrence of environmental phenols in healthy Norwegian women and children is abundant. Among emerging bisphenols, there is widespread exposure to BPS. A single spot urine sample can be used for estimating short-term exposures of environmental phenols. Urinary levels of parabens were associated with use of PCPs. Highlights: Twelve environmental phenols were measured in Norwegian healthy mother-child pairs. Most environmental phenols showed high ICCs within 24 h. Emerging bisphenol like BPS was detected in about half of the urine samples. Urinary levels of parabens were associated with use of personal care products.