Geographic evidence of the early anthropogenic hypothesis. (December 2017)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Ruddiman, William
• Is Part Of: Anthropocene. Volume 20(2017)
• Page Start: 4
• Page End: 14
• Publication Date: 2017-12
• Subjects: Holocene -- Anthropogenic -- Greenhouse gases -- Deforestation -- Rice cultivation; Nature -- Effect of human beings on -- Periodicals; Human ecology -- Periodicals; 304.2
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ancene.2017.11.003
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 2213-3054

Abstract

Abstract: The early anthropogenic hypothesis claims that millennia ago farming began to transform landscapes sufficiently to emit greenhouse gases and extend the natural warmth of the current interglaciation that had been initiated by orbital variations. Part of the debate over the hypothesis during the last dozen years has centered on determining the best orbital analog to the Holocene among prior interglaciations, all of which must have been natural (non-anthropogenic) in origin. Since 2009, dozens of papers have assembled physical geographic evidence that points to the kind of large early agricultural impacts posed by the early anthropogenic hypothesis. These new findings include: pollen and archaeological evidence of carbon dioxide (CO2 )-emitting early forest clearance in Europe and China, along with archaeobotanical and archaeological evidence of methane (CH4 )-emitting rice irrigation and livestock tending across southern Asia. In addition, mapping of 14 C-dated peat deposits has revealed an important CO2 sink of 12 C-enriched terrestrial carbon during the last 7000 years that countered the δ 13 CO2 imprint of emissions from early deforestation. This viewpoint article provides a current perspective on this ongoing debate in the context of these recent findings.