The freezing level in the tropical Andes, Peru: An indicator for present and future glacier extents. Issue 10 (22nd May 2017)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Schauwecker, Simone; Rohrer, Mario; Huggel, Christian; Endries, Jason; Montoya, Nilton; Neukom, Raphael; Perry, Baker; Salzmann, Nadine; Schwarb, Manfred; Suarez, Wilson
• Is Part Of: Journal of geophysical research. Volume 122:Issue 10(2017)
• Page Start: 5172
• Page End: 5189
• Publication Date: 2017-05-22
• Subjects: freezing level height -- snow/rain transition -- glacier shrinkage -- climate change -- CMIP5 climate scenarios -- Peruvian glaciers; Atmospheric physics -- Periodicals; Geophysics -- Periodicals; 551.5
• DOI: 10.1002/2016JD025943
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 2169-897X

Abstract

Abstract: Along with air temperatures, the freezing level height (FLH) has risen over the last decades. The mass balance of tropical glaciers in Peru is highly sensitive to a rise in the FLH, mainly due to a decrease in accumulation and increase of energy for ablation caused by reduced albedo. Knowledge of future changes in the FLH is thus crucial to estimating changes in glacier extents. Since in situ data are scarce at altitudes where glaciers exist (above ~4800 m above sea level (asl)), reliable FLH estimates must be derived from multiple data types. Here we assessed the FLHs and their spatiotemporal variability, as well as the related snow/rain transition in the two largest glacier‐covered regions in Peru by combining data from two climate reanalysis products, Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar Bright Band data, Micro Rain Radar data, and meteorological ground station measurements. The mean annual FLH lies at 4900 and 5010 m asl, for the Cordillera Blanca and Vilcanota, respectively. During the wet season, the FLH in the Cordillera Vilcanota lies ~150 m higher compared to the Cordillera Blanca, which is in line with the higher glacier terminus elevations. Coupled Model Intercomparison Project version 5 (CMIP5) climate model projections reveal that by the end of the 21st century, the FLH will rise by 230 m (±190 m) for Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 2.6 and 850 m (±390 m) for RCP8.5. Even under the most optimistic scenario, glaciers may continue shrinking considerably, assuming a close relation between FLH and glacier extents. Under the most pessimistic scenario, glaciers may only remain at the highest summits above approximately 5800 m asl. Key Points: Freezing level heights indicate a close link to glacier extents via the snow/rain transition height, albedo, and net shortwave radiation CMIP5 projections reveal that by the end of the 21st century, the freezing level height will rise by 230 m (850 m) for RCP2.6 (RCP8.5) By the end of this century, glaciers may shrink considerably under RCP2.6 and only remain at the highest summits under RCP8.5