The lipid biochemistry of eukaryotic algae. (April 2019)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Li-Beisson, Yonghua; Thelen, Jay J.; Fedosejevs, Eric; Harwood, John L.
• Is Part Of: Progress in lipid research. Volume 74(2019)
• Page Start: 31
• Page End: 68
• Publication Date: 2019-04
• Subjects: Algal lipid metabolism -- Acetyl-CoA carboxylase -- β-oxidation -- Mitochondrial respiration -- Reducing equivalents -- Triacylglycerols -- Environmental effects -- Commercial exploitation; α-CT α-carboxyltransferase -- ACCase acetyl-CoA carboxylase -- ACK acetate kinase -- ACAD acyl-CoA dehydrogenase -- ACOX acyl-CoA oxidase -- ACP acyl carrier protein -- ACS acetyl-CoA synthetase -- AOX alternative oxidase -- APX ascorbate peroxidase -- ASC ascorbate -- β-CT β-carboxyltransferase -- BADC biotin attachment domain-containing protein -- BC biotin carboxylase -- BCAA branched chain amino acid -- BCCP biotin carboxyl carrier protein -- CAT catalase -- CEF cyclic electron flow -- CoA Coenzyme A -- CTS1 comatose 1 -- COX cytochrome oxidase -- DAG diacylglycerol -- DGAT diacylglycerol acyltransferase -- DGDG digalactosyldiacylglycerol -- DHA docosahexaenoic acid -- DH dehydrogenase -- DGTA 1, 2-diacylglyceryl-3-O-2′-(hydroxymethyl)-(N, N, N-trimethyl)-β-alanine -- DGTS diacylglyceryl-3-O-4′-(N, N, N-trimethyl)-homoserine -- DYRK dual-specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation-regulated kinase -- EPA eicosapentaenoic acid -- ER enoyl-ACP reductase -- FA fatty acid -- FAD fatty acid desaturase -- FAT fatty acyl-ACP thioesterase -- FAX1 fatty acid export1 -- KAS 3-ketoacyl-ACP synthase -- G3P glycerol-3-phosphate -- G6PDH glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase -- GPAT glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase -- HAD hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydrase -- HL high light -- KAR ketoacyl-ACP reductase -- LACS long chain acyl-CoA synthetase -- LEF linear electron flow -- Lyso-PA lysophosphatidic acid -- LPAAT lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase -- MCMT malonyl-CoA:ACP malonyltransferase -- Mal malate -- MDA malondialdehyde -- ME malic enzyme -- MFP multi-functional protein -- MGDG monogalactosyldiacylglycerol -- NO nitric oxide -- NRR1 nitrogen response regulator1 -- OAA oxaloacetate -- PA phosphatidic acid -- PAT phosphate acetyltransferase -- PAP phosphatidic acid phosphatase -- PtdCho phosphatidylcholine -- PDAT phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase -- PDH pyruvate dehydrogenase -- PDK pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase -- PtdCho phosphatidylcholine -- PtdEtn phosphatidylethanolamine -- PtdSer phosphatidylserine -- PtdIns phosphatidylinositol -- PtdGro phosphatidylglycerol -- PGRL1 proton gradient regulation 5 like 1 -- PL phospholipid -- PLA2 phospholipase A2 -- PXN peroxisomal NAD+ carrier -- PPP pentose phosphate pathway -- PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acid -- SAD stearoyl-ACP desaturase -- SQDG sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol -- TAG triacylglycerol -- TAR1 triacylglycerol accumulation regulator1 -- TCA tricarboxylic acid -- TF transcription factor -- TOR target of rapamycin -- VLCPUFA very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid; Lipids -- Periodicals; Lipids -- Periodicals; Lipides -- Périodiques; Lipiden; 572.57
• DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.01.003
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0163-7827

Abstract

Abstract: Algal lipid metabolism fascinates both scientists and entrepreneurs due to the large diversity of fatty acyl structures that algae produce. Algae have therefore long been studied as sources of genes for novel fatty acids; and, due to their superior biomass productivity, algae are also considered a potential feedstock for biofuels. However, a major issue in a commercially viable "algal oil-to-biofuel" industry is the high production cost, because most algal species only produce large amounts of oils after being exposed to stress conditions. Recent studies have therefore focused on the identification of factors involved in TAG metabolism, on the subcellular organization of lipid pathways, and on interactions between organelles. This has been accompanied by the development of genetic/genomic and synthetic biological tools not only for the reference green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii but also for Nannochloropsis spp. and Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Advances in our understanding of enzymes and regulatory proteins of acyl lipid biosynthesis and turnover are described herein with a focus on carbon and energetic aspects. We also summarize how changes in environmental factors can impact lipid metabolism and describe present and potential industrial uses of algal lipids.