The diagnostic accuracy of the hand-held Raman spectrometer for the identification of anti-malarial drugs. (December 2016)
- Record Type:
- Journal Article
- Title:
- The diagnostic accuracy of the hand-held Raman spectrometer for the identification of anti-malarial drugs. (December 2016)
- Main Title:
- The diagnostic accuracy of the hand-held Raman spectrometer for the identification of anti-malarial drugs
- Authors:
- Visser, Benjamin
Vries, Sophia
Bache, Emmanuel
Meerveld-Gerrits, Janneke
Kroon, Daniëlle
Boersma, Jimmy
Agnandji, Selidji
Vugt, Michèle
Grobusch, Martin - Abstract:
- Abstract Background There is a need for accurate and field-applicable instruments for the evaluation of the quality of anti-malarial drugs. The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of the NanoRam®, a handheld Raman spectrometer (RS), to identify anti-malarial drugs. Methods In total, 289 anti-malarial drugs collected in a randomized field survey in Gabon were evaluated. The samples were compared with authentic products as supplied by the official manufacturer. To determine the sensitivity and specificity of the handheld NanoRam® spectrometer in the identification of anti-malarial drugs, a two-gate reversed-flow design was applied. The standards for reporting of diagnostic accuracy studies (STARD) were followed. The index test was the handheld RS. The reference test standards were thin layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet photo diode array detection. Results The sensitivity [95 % confidence interval (95 % CI)] and specificity of the RS to correctly identify an anti-malarial drug were 100 % (95 % CI 94.9–100 %) and 96 % (95 % CI 92.3–99.0 %), respectively. The RS could not differentiate between different batches of the same product or different manufacturers of the same product. Intra-observer agreement for 289 samples was 100 %. The average time to conduct the RS was 15 s per sample compared to 45 min per sample for TLC. Conclusion The handheld RS holds promise as an easy-to-use, quick and field-applicableAbstract Background There is a need for accurate and field-applicable instruments for the evaluation of the quality of anti-malarial drugs. The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of the NanoRam®, a handheld Raman spectrometer (RS), to identify anti-malarial drugs. Methods In total, 289 anti-malarial drugs collected in a randomized field survey in Gabon were evaluated. The samples were compared with authentic products as supplied by the official manufacturer. To determine the sensitivity and specificity of the handheld NanoRam® spectrometer in the identification of anti-malarial drugs, a two-gate reversed-flow design was applied. The standards for reporting of diagnostic accuracy studies (STARD) were followed. The index test was the handheld RS. The reference test standards were thin layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet photo diode array detection. Results The sensitivity [95 % confidence interval (95 % CI)] and specificity of the RS to correctly identify an anti-malarial drug were 100 % (95 % CI 94.9–100 %) and 96 % (95 % CI 92.3–99.0 %), respectively. The RS could not differentiate between different batches of the same product or different manufacturers of the same product. Intra-observer agreement for 289 samples was 100 %. The average time to conduct the RS was 15 s per sample compared to 45 min per sample for TLC. Conclusion The handheld RS holds promise as an easy-to-use, quick and field-applicable instrument for the evaluation of quality of anti-malarial drugs, potentially empowering pharmacists, drug inspectors and medical regulatory authorities. Trial registration NTR4341 (Dutch Trial Registry) Résumé Contexte Il est nécessaire d'avoir des outils de terrain fiables pour l'évaluation de la qualité des médicaments antipaludiques. Le but de cette étude était de déterminer la précision diagnostique de l'outil NanoRam®, un spectromètre Raman portable (RS), pour identifier les principes actifs des antipaludiques. Méthodes Au total, 289 médicaments antipaludiques collectés lors d'une enquête aléatoire au Gabon ont été évalués. Les échantillons ont été comparés à des produits authentiques, tel que fourni par le fabricant officiel. Afin de déterminer la sensibilité et la spécificité du spectromètre NanoRam® portable dans l'identification des médicaments antipaludiques, une méthode à 'flux inversé à deux canaux 'a été appliquée. Les normes pour la présentation des études de précision de diagnostic ont été respectées. Le test de l'indice était le spectromètre NanoRam® portable. Les tests de référence étaient la chromatographie sur couche mince (TLC) et chromatographie liquide à haute performance avec détection à barrette de diodes photo à ultraviolets. Résultats La sensibilité [95 % intervalle de confiance (IC 95 %)] et la spécificité de la RS pour identifier correctement un médicament antipaludique était de 100 % (IC à 95 % de 94, 9 à 100 %) et 96 % (IC à 95 % de 92, 3–99, 0 %), respectivement. Le RS ne pouvait pas différencier entre différents lots du même produit ou provenant de différents fabricants. L'accord intra-observateur pour 289 échantillons était de 100 %. Le temps moyen pour effectuer la RS était de 15 secondes par échantillon par rapport à 45 min par échantillon pour la TLC. Conclusion Le spectromètre portable Raman est prometteur comme instrument de mesure, facile à utiliser, rapide et facilement applicable sur le terrain pour l'évaluation de la qualité des médicaments antipaludiques, facilitant le travail des pharmaciens, des inspecteurs de qualité des médicaments et des autorités de réglementation médicale. Enregistrement de première instance NTR4341 (Dutch Trial Registry) … (more)
- Is Part Of:
- Malaria journal. Volume 15:Number 1(2016)
- Journal:
- Malaria journal
- Issue:
- Volume 15:Number 1(2016)
- Issue Display:
- Volume 15, Issue 1 (2016)
- Year:
- 2016
- Volume:
- 15
- Issue:
- 1
- Issue Sort Value:
- 2016-0015-0001-0000
- Page Start:
- 1
- Page End:
- 12
- Publication Date:
- 2016-12
- Subjects:
- Artemisinin combination therapy (ACT) -- Central Africa -- Counterfeit -- Drug quality -- Falsified -- Field survey -- Gabon -- Malaria -- MEDQUARG -- NanoRam® -- Sensitivity -- Specificity -- Raman spectroscopy
Malaria -- Periodicals
616.9362 - Journal URLs:
- http://pubmedcentral.gov/tocrender.fcgi?journal=98 ↗
http://www.malariajournal.com/ ↗
http://link.springer.com/ ↗ - DOI:
- 10.1186/s12936-016-1212-y ↗
- Languages:
- English
- ISSNs:
- 1475-2875
- Deposit Type:
- Legaldeposit
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- Available online (eLD content is only available in our Reading Rooms) ↗
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- British Library DSC - BLDSS-3PM
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- 10064.xml