Microglia and the Purinergic Signaling System. (1st May 2019)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Calovi, Stefano; Mut-Arbona, Paula; Sperlágh, Beáta
• Is Part Of: Neuroscience. Volume 405(2019)
• Page Start: 137
• Page End: 147
• Publication Date: 2019-05-01
• Subjects: AD Alzheimer's disease -- ADP Adenosine di-phosphate -- AMP Adenosine mono-phosphate -- ATP Adenosine tri-phosphate -- CNS central nervous system -- LPS lipopolysaccharide -- NO nitric oxide -- P2X(*)R P2X receptors, * = 1–7 -- P2Y(*)R P2Y receptors, * = 1, 2, 4, 6, 11–14 -- Panx1 Pannexin 1 -- PD Parkinson disease -- ROCK Rho-associated coiled-coil-containing protein kinase -- ROS reactive oxygen species -- TPM transcripts per kilobase million -- UDP uridine diphosphate; central nervous system -- neuro-immunology -- microglia -- adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) -- purinergic signaling system; Neurochemistry -- Periodicals; Neurophysiology -- Periodicals; Neurology -- Periodicals; Neurochimie -- Périodiques; Neurophysiologie -- Périodiques; Neurochemistry; Neurophysiology; Electronic journals; Periodicals; Electronic journals; 612.8
• DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.12.021
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0306-4522

Abstract

Highlights: ATP is released as a signaling molecule, or as a danger signal to the extracellular space in the brain. P2X and P2Y receptors modulate microglia pro- or anti-inflammatory phenotypical shift. Purinergic signaling dynamically control microglia physiological activity according to the context. Abstract: Microglia are the main resident immune-competent cell type of the central nervous system (CNS); these cells are highly sensitive to subtle changes in the chemical environment of the brain. Microglia are activated during diverse conditions, such as apoptosis, trauma, inflammation, and infection. The specific activities of microglia result from the confluence of environmental stimuli and the cellular state. It is likely that several signaling systems with different biological functions operate in competition and/or synergy, thus regulating similar microglial behaviors. The purinergic system is one of the fundamental signaling systems that establish microglial behavior in a wide spectrum of conditions. Adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) belongs to the purinergic signaling system, which includes P2X, P2Y, and P1 receptors, as well as other proteins participating in ATP secretion and extracellular ATP degradation, and molecules that recognize purines as a ligand. In this review, we focus on the latest pre-clinical and basic purinergic system and microglial research, with particular attention to data collected in vivo and ex vivo . This chapter is divided into sections related to microglial ATP release, ATP degradation, and ATP-related actions mediated by P2X and P2Y receptor activation.