A Ladder of Citizen Participation. Issue 1 (2nd January 2019)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Arnstein, Sherry R.
• Is Part Of: Journal of the American Planning Association. Volume 85:Issue 1(2019)
• Page Start: 24
• Page End: 34
• Publication Date: 2019-01-02
• Subjects: Planning -- Periodicals; City planning -- Periodicals; Regional planning -- Periodicals; 711.4097305; 361.60973
• DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2018.1559388
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0194-4363

Abstract

Abstract: The heated controversy over "citizen participation, " "citizen control, " and "maximum feasible involvement of the poor, " has been waged largely in terms of exacerbated rhetoric and misleading euphemisms. To encourage a more enlightened dialogue, a typology of citizen participation is offered using examples from three federal social programs: urban renewal, anti-poverty, and Model Cities. The typology, which is designed to be provocative, is arranged in a ladder pattern with each rung corresponding to the extent of citizens' power in determining the plan and/or program.