Assessing zinc from a nail clipping using mono-energetic portable X-ray fluorescence. (March 2019)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Fleming, David E.B.; Crook, Samantha L.; Evans, Colby T.
• Is Part Of: Applied radiation and isotopes. Volume 145(2019:Mar.)
• Page Start: 170
• Page End: 175
• Publication Date: 2019-03
• Subjects: Mono-energetic X-ray -- Portable X-ray fluorescence -- Zinc -- Nail clippings -- Biomarker; Radiology -- Periodicals; Radiation -- Industrial applications -- Periodicals; Nuclear chemistry -- Periodicals; Internet resource; Periodical; 660.298
• DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2018.12.033
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0969-8043

Abstract

Abstract: A mono-energetic X-ray beam from a portable X-ray fluorescence device was used to excite characteristic X-rays from zinc in a series of nail clipping phantoms. Twenty nail clipping phantoms having equal zinc concentrations of ~40 µg/g, but with different physical characteristics, were measured individually for 300 s using a small diameter (~1 mm) X-ray beam. Energy spectra obtained from the measurements were analyzed using PyMca software. Zinc signal size varied widely between the different clippings, with a relative standard deviation of 41% observed in the combined signal from zinc Kα and Kβ characteristic X-rays. Three different normalization approaches were introduced to account for variation in the amounts of sample interrogated by the X-ray beam. All three approaches produced similar results, and successfully reduced the relative standard deviation to between 12% and 13%. A clear trend was still observed, however, between the normalized zinc signal and the thickness of clipping measured. To account for this effect, normalized signals were adjusted to calculate "thickness-corrected" values. The relative standard deviation of these thickness-corrected values was 6.2%. Reproducibility of measurement from individual clippings was excellent, with relative standard deviations on the order of 1%, with or without normalization. Overall, this new method of measuring zinc in nail shows promise for the assessment of zinc status in humans using a portable device. The method is sensitive, rapid, and requires only a single nail clipping. Highlights: Mono-energetic portable X-ray fluorescence used to assess zinc in nail clipping phantoms. Normalization techniques and correction for thickness reduced variability in data. This X-ray fluorescence method was sensitive and required only a single nail clipping.