Development of high microwave-absorptive bifunctional graphene oxide-based catalyst for biodiesel production. (15th January 2019)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Loy, Adrian Chun Minh; Quitain, Armando T.; Lam, Man Kee; Yusup, Suzana; Sasaki, Mitsuru; Kida, Tetsuya
• Is Part Of: Energy conversion and management. Volume 180(2019)
• Page Start: 1013
• Page End: 1025
• Publication Date: 2019-01-15
• Subjects: Heterogeneous bifunctional catalyst -- Biodiesel production -- Microwave irradiation -- Kinetic study -- Microalgae lipid; Direct energy conversion -- Periodicals; Energy storage -- Periodicals; Energy transfer -- Periodicals; Énergie -- Conversion directe -- Périodiques; Direct energy conversion; Periodicals; 621.3105
• DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2018.11.043
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0196-8904

Abstract

Graphical abstract: Highlights: A novel bifunctional heterogenous SiC-NaOH/GO catalyst was successfully developed. 96% of yield of transesterification and 92% of yield of esterification were obtained in 6 min reaction time. A high FAME conversion of 81% was obtained using SiC-NaOH/GO catalyst. Abstract: A novel heterogeneous bi-functional catalyst namely silicon carbide/sodium hydroxide-graphene oxide (SiC/NaOH-GO) was successfully developed and characterized using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy disperse X-ray analysis (EDX), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), carbon dioxide temperature programmed-desorption of carbon dioxide (CO2 -TPD) and ammonia temperature programmed-desorption (NH3 -TPD). The catalyst was applied in microwave-assisted transesterification and esterification of binary model feedstock (rapeseed oil and oleic acid) containing 20% free fatty acid (FFA) and optimized using respond surface methodology (RSM) based on centre composite design. The study revealed that the optimum reaction conditions were 13:1 wt ratio of SiC/NaOH to GO, 5 wt% of catalyst loading, reaction temperature of 65 °C and 6 min reaction time to attain 96% of yield of transesterification and 92% of yield of esterification. Then, the optimized catalyst (13:1 wt ratio of SiC/NaOH) was applied in Chlorella vulgaris lipid with high free fatty acid content (26%) to further confirmed the ability of converting triglycerides and free fatty acid (FFA) to biodiesel simultaneously. The study revealed that 92% of FFA of microalgae lipid was converted and 81% of fatty acid methyl ester content (FAME) was attained under the optimum conditions of methanol to lipid molar ratio of 48, 5 min reaction time, 4 wt% catalyst and reaction temperature of 85 °C.