Analytical epigenetics: single-molecule optical detection of DNA and histone modifications. (February 2019) - Heck, Christian
Graphical abstract: Highlights: The high sensitivity and multiplexing capability of optical detection is ideal for epigenetic analysis. Covalent labeling is more stable than affinity-based labeling but requires specific and orthogonal chemistry for each target. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering offers label-free detection and enhanced multiplexing. Abstract : The field of epigenetics describes the relationship between genotype and phenotype, by regulating gene expression without changing the canonical base sequence of DNA. It deals with molecular genomic information that is encoded by a rich repertoire of chemical modifications and molecular interactions. This regulation involves DNA, RNA and proteins that are enzymatically tagged with small molecular groups that alter their physical and chemical properties. It is now clear that epigenetic alterations are involved in development and disease, and thus, are the focus of intensive research. The ability to record epigenetic changes and quantify them in rare medical samples is critical for next generation diagnostics. Optical detection offers the ultimate single-molecule sensitivity and the potential for spectral multiplexing. Here we review recent progress in ultrasensitive optical detection of DNA and histone modifications.