Protracted river response to medieval earthquakes. Issue 1 (17th October 2018)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Stolle, Amelie; Schwanghart, Wolfgang; Andermann, Christoff; Bernhardt, Anne; Fort, Monique; Jansen, John D.; Wittmann, Hella; Merchel, Silke; Rugel, Georg; Adhikari, Basanta Raj; Korup, Oliver
• Is Part Of: Earth surface processes and landforms. Volume 44:Issue 1(2019)
• Page Start: 331
• Page End: 341
• Publication Date: 2018-10-17
• Subjects: fluvial response -- sediment yield -- earthquakes -- Nepal -- Himalaya; Geomorphology -- Periodicals; 551.4
• DOI: 10.1002/esp.4517
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0197-9337

Abstract

Abstract: Mountain rivers respond to strong earthquakes by rapidly aggrading to accommodate excess sediment delivered by co‐seismic landslides. Detailed sediment budgets indicate that rivers need several years to decades to recover from seismic disturbances, depending on how recovery is defined. We examine three principal proxies of river recovery after earthquake‐induced sediment pulses around Pokhara, Nepal's second largest city. Freshly exhumed cohorts of floodplain trees in growth position indicate rapid and pulsed sedimentation that formed a fan covering 150 km 2 in a Lesser Himalayan basin with tens of metres of debris between the 11th and 15th centuries AD. Radiocarbon dates of buried trees are consistent with those of nearby valley deposits linked to major medieval earthquakes, such that we can estimate average rates of re‐incision since. We combine high‐resolution digital elevation data, geodetic field surveys, aerial photos, and dated tree trunks to reconstruct geomorphic marker surfaces. The volumes of sediment relative to these surfaces require average net sediment yields of up to 4200 t km –2 yr –1 for the 650 years since the last inferred earthquake‐triggered sediment pulse. The lithological composition of channel bedload differs from that of local bedrock, confirming that rivers are still mostly evacuating medieval valley fills, locally incising at rates of up to 0.2 m yr –1 . Pronounced knickpoints and epigenetic gorges at tributary junctions further illustrate the protracted fluvial response; only the distal portions of the earthquake‐derived sediment wedges have been cut to near their base. Our results challenge the notion that mountain rivers recover speedily from earthquakes within years to decades. The valley fills around Pokhara show that even highly erosive Himalayan rivers may need more than several centuries to adjust to catastrophic perturbations. Our results motivate some rethinking of post‐seismic hazard appraisals and infrastructural planning in active mountain regions. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Abstract : Several proxies express river response from at least three catastrophic sediment pulses that were coincident with medieval Himalayan earthquakes. We estimate fluvial adjustment by dating re‐exhumed tree trunks encased in thick valley‐fill deposits that offer dateable markers of fluvial aggradation. Sediment provenance combined with clast counts along active channel bars, estimated volumetric erosion rates and river profile adjustment, show that rivers in the Pokhara region are still adjusting to medieval earthquakes.