Analysis of effectiveness of Iranian snake antivenom on Viper venom induced effects including analysis of immunologic biomarkers in the Echis carinatus sochureki envenomed victims. (February 2019)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Monzavi, Seyed Mostafa; Afshari, Reza; Khoshdel, Ali Reza; Mahmoudi, Mahmoud; Salarian, Amir Ahmad; Samieimanesh, Farhad; Shirmast, Elham; Mihandoust, Azam
• Is Part Of: Toxicon. Volume 158(2019)
• Page Start: 38
• Page End: 46
• Publication Date: 2019-02
• Subjects: Antivenins -- Acute-phase reaction -- Complement system proteins -- Cytokines -- Snake bite; Toxins -- Periodicals; Venom -- Periodicals; 615.9
• DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.11.293
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0041-0101

Abstract

Abstract: Snakebite is an important toxicologic emergency with the potential of triggering local and systemic inflammation. Antivenom has remained the mainstay of treatment for snakebite envenomation. In this study we sought to investigate the effectiveness of Iranian antivenom in a series of 44 viper envenomed patients through analysis of changes in clinical severity and the levels of inflammatory markers. Clinical envenomation severity assessed by snakebite severity score (SSS) and laboratory exams of the patients were recorded before (baseline visit) and after antivenom therapy. During 12-h antivenom therapy, the median (range) score of SSS significantly decreased from 3.5 (2–10) on admission to 1 (0–5) in the last visit ( P < 0.001). Moreover, a significant decrease in prothrombin time and international normalized ratio was found ( P = 0.006 and 0.008; respectively). Plasma concentrations of interleukin (IL) 1-β, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), complement hemolytic activity (CH50) were also measured in 10 severely Echis carinatus sochureki envenomed victims and 10 age and gender-matched healthy controls. Except IL-8, the baseline levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in victims were significantly higher than healthy controls ( P = 0.005, <0.001 and < 0.001, respectively). Moreover, the baseline level of CH50 was significantly lower in the patients compared to healthy controls ( P < 0.001). After 12-h antivenom therapy, the plasma levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α significantly decreased ( P = 0.032, 0.006 and 0.003, respectively), the levels of IL-8 remained relatively unchanged and the CH50 significantly increased ( P = 0.011). Iranian snake antivenom was effective in treating viper bite envenomation as it reversed clinical venom effects and restored near normal underlying inflammatory status. This study is the first to ascertain and report the effectiveness of this antivenom in human subjects. Highlights: Clinical effects of viper bite envenomation are reversed following treatment with Iranian snake antivenom. Echis carinatus sochureki bite envenomation causes acute-phase response with increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. E. c. sochureki bite envenomation can activate complement system. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and complement activity of E. sochureki victims return to baseline after Iranian antivenom therapy. Iranian snake antivenom is clinically effective.