ITAR: A modified TAR method to determine depth dose distribution for an ophthalmic device that performs kilovoltage x‐ray pencil‐beam stereotaxy. Issue 2 (30th January 2014)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Hanlon, Justin; Chell, Erik; Firpo, Michael; Koruga, Igor
• Is Part Of: Medical physics. Volume 41:Issue 2(2014)
• Page Start: n/a
• Page End: n/a
• Publication Date: 2014-01-30
• Subjects: Therapeutic applications, including brachytherapy -- Dosimetry/exposure assessment -- Sensory systems: visual, auditory, tactile, taste, and olfaction -- Degenerative diseases (Alzheimerˈs, ALS, etc) -- Monte Carlo simulations -- Monte Carlo methods; biological tissues -- biomedical equipment -- diseases -- dosimetry -- eye -- Monte Carlo methods -- radiation therapy -- water -- X‐ray scattering; reference and relative dosimetry -- tissue air ratio (TAR) -- age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) -- stereotaxy -- MCNPX; Radiation therapy -- Scintigraphy; Dosimetry -- X‐ray scattering -- Field size -- Selected area electron diffraction -- Water vapor -- Monte Carlo methods -- Collimators -- Particle beam detectors -- X‐ray detectors -- Ionization chambers; Medical physics -- Periodicals; Medical physics; Geneeskunde; Natuurkunde; Toepassingen; Biophysics; Periodicals; Periodicals; Electronic journals; 610.153
• DOI: 10.1118/1.4863482
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0094-2405

Abstract

Abstract : Purpose: : New technology has been developed to treat age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) using 100 kVp pencil‐beams that enter the patient through the radio‐resistant sclera with a depth of interest between 1.6 and 2.6 cm. Measurement of reference and relative dose in a kilovoltage x‐ray beam with a 0.42 cm diameter field size and a 15 cm source to axis distance (SAD) is a challenge that is not fully addressed in current guidelines to medical physicists. AAPMˈs TG‐61 gives dosimetry recommendations for low and medium energy x‐rays, but not all of them are feasible to follow for this modality. Methods: : An investigation was conducted to select appropriate equipment for the application. PTWˈs Type 34013 Soft X‐Ray Chamber (Freiburg, Germany) and CIRSˈs Plastic Water LR (Norfolk, VA) were found to be the best available options. Attenuation curves were measured with minimal scatter contribution and thus called Low Scatter Tissue Air Ratio (LSTAR). A scatter conversion coefficient (Cscat ) was derived through Monte Carlo radiation transport simulation using MCNPX (LANL, Los Alamos, NM) to quantify the difference between a traditional TAR curve and the LSTAR curve. A material conversion coefficient (Cmat ) was determined through experimentation to evaluate the difference in attenuation properties between water and Plastic Water LR. Validity of performing direct dosimetry measurements with a source to detector distance other than the treatment distance, and therefore a different field size due to a fixed collimator, was explored. A method—Integrated Tissue Air Ratio (ITAR)—has been developed that isolates each of the three main radiological effects (distance from source, attenuation, and scatter) during measurement, and integrates them to determine the dose rate to the macula during treatment. Results: : LSTAR curves were determined to be field size independent within the range explored, indicating that direct dosimetry measurements may be performed with a source to detector distance of 20 cm even though the SAD is 15 cm during treatment. Cscat varied from 1.102 to 1.106 within the range of depths of interest. The experimental variance among repeated measurements of Cmat was larger than depth dependence, so Cmat was estimated as1.019 for all depths of interest. Conclusions: : Equipment selection, measurement techniques, and formalism for the determination of dose rate to the macula during stereotaxy for AMD have been determined and are strongly recommended by the authors of this paper to be used by clinical medical physicists.