An overview of current techniques for ocular toxicity testing. (2nd January 2015)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Wilson, Samantha L.; Ahearne, Mark; Hopkinson, Andrew
• Is Part Of: Toxicology. Volume 327(2015)
• Page Start: 32
• Page End: 46
• Publication Date: 2015-01-02
• Subjects: BCOP Bovine Cornea Opacity Permeability (test/assay) -- CAMVA Chorioallantoic membrane vascular assay -- CEET Chicken enucleated eye test -- CK Cytokeratin -- CM Cytosensor Microphysiometer (test) -- CPSC Consumer Product Safety Commission -- CTPA Cosmetic, Toiletry and Perfumery Association -- DMSO Dimethyl sulfoxide -- DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid -- EC European Commission -- ECVAM European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods -- EET Enucleated eye test -- EIT Eye irritation test -- EURL-ECVAM European Union Reference Laboratory for Alternatives to Animal Tests (formally ECVAM) -- FDA Food and Drug Administration -- FL Fluorescein leakage -- GHS Globally Harmonized System (of classification) -- HCE Human corneal epithelium -- HET Hen's egg test -- HET-CAM Hühner-embryonen test on chorioallantoic membrane -- HO Home Office (British) -- ICCVAM Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods -- ICE Isolated chicken eye (test) -- IRAG Interagency Regulatory Alternatives Group -- IRE Isolated rabbit eye (test) -- IVIS In vitro irritancy score -- JaCVAM Japanese Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods -- LDH Lactate dehydrogenase (leakage) -- LVET Low volume eye irritation test -- MAS Maximum average score -- MDCK Madin–Dardy canine kidney (cells) -- MTT 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide -- NICEATM NTP Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods -- NIEHS National Committee of Environmental Health Sciences -- NIOSHA National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Administartion -- NRC National Research Council -- NTP National Toxicology Programme -- NZW New Zealand White (rabbits) -- OECD Organization for the Economic Co-operation and Countries Development -- PLLBOA Prototype laser light based opacitometer -- QSAR Quantitative structure–activity relationship -- RCE Rabbit corneal epithelium -- REET Rabbit enucleated eye test -- SIRC Statens Seruminstitut rabbit corneal (cells) -- SMI Slug mucosal irritation (assay/test) -- STE Short time exposure (test) -- TG Test guidance -- UN United Nations -- VMP Validation Management Group; Corneal equivalents -- Cytotoxicity -- Draize -- In vitro alternatives -- Organotypic models -- Regulation -- Validation; Toxicology -- Periodicals; Chemicals -- Physiological effect -- Periodicals; 615.9005
• DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.11.003
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0300-483X

Abstract

Abstract: Given the hazardous nature of many materials and substances, ocular toxicity testing is required to evaluate the dangers associated with these substances after their exposure to the eye. Historically, animal tests such as the Draize test were exclusively used to determine the level of ocular toxicity by applying a test substance to a live rabbit's eye and evaluating the biological response. In recent years, legislation in many developed countries has been introduced to try to reduce animal testing and promote alternative techniques. These techniques include ex vivo tests on deceased animal tissue, computational models that use algorithms to apply existing data to new chemicals and in vitro assays based on two dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D) cell culture models. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of the latest advances in ocular toxicity testing techniques, and discuss the regulatory framework used to evaluate their suitability.