Understanding the local actions of lipids in bone physiology. (July 2015)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: During, Alexandrine; Penel, Guillaume; Hardouin, Pierre
• Is Part Of: Progress in lipid research. Volume 59(2015:Jul.)
• Page Start: 126
• Page End: 146
• Publication Date: 2015-07
• Subjects: AA arachidonic acid -- aP2 (or FABP4) adipocyte protein 2 -- BMD bone mass density -- BMP-2 bone morphogenic protein-2 -- CE cholesterol esters -- CHL cholesterol -- cAMP cyclic 3, 5-adenosine monophosphate -- CLA conjugated isomers of linoleic acid -- COX cyclooxygenase -- CYP cytochrome p450 -- DHA docosahexaenoic acid -- DGLA dihommogammalinoleic acid -- EPs E-type prostanoid receptors -- EPA eicosapentaenoic acid -- ER estrogen receptor -- ERK extracellular regulated kinase -- FAAs fatty acid amides -- FABP fatty acid binding protein -- FFAs free fatty acids -- FFARs free fatty acid receptors -- GPCRs G-protein coupled receptors -- HDL high density lipoprotein -- IGF insulin-like growth factor -- JNK c-Jun N-terminal kinase -- LA linoleic acid -- LDL low density lipoprotein -- LPA lysophosphatidic acid -- LPLs lysophospholipids -- LXR liver X receptor -- MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase -- M-CSF macrophage-colony stimulating factor -- MIP-1α (or CCL3) macrophage inflammatory protein 1α -- MMP-9 matrix metalloproteinase 9 -- MSCs mesenchymal stem cells -- MVs matrix vesicles -- NFATc1 nuclear factor of activated T cells -- NF-κB nuclear factor κB -- NNP1 nucleoside pyrophosphohydrolase-1 -- nSMase2 (or SMPD3) neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (or sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase3) -- OPG osteoprotegerin -- PC phosphatidylcholine -- PE phosphatidylethanolamine -- PGs prostaglandins -- PHOSPHO1 phosphatase orphan 1 -- PI phosphatidylinositol -- PPAR peroxisome proliferator activated receptor -- PPi inorganic pyrophosphate -- PS phosphatidylserine -- PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acids -- RANK receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB -- RANKL receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand -- Runx2 (or Cbfa1) runt related transcription factor 2 -- SERM selective estrogen receptor modulator -- SFA saturated fatty acids -- SHP small heterodimer partner -- S1P sphingosine-1-phosphate -- SM sphingomyelin -- TG triglycerides -- TGFβ transforming growth factor beta -- TLR4 Toll-like receptor 4 -- TNAP (or ALP) tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase -- TNFα tumor necrosis factor alpha -- TRAP tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase -- Wnt name derived from Wingless and Integration site; Lipids -- Periodicals; Lipids -- Periodicals; Lipides -- Périodiques; Lipiden; 572.57
• DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.06.002
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0163-7827

Abstract

Abstract: The adult skeleton is a metabolically active organ system that undergoes continuous remodeling to remove old and/or stressed bone (resorption) and replace it with new bone (formation) in order to maintain a constant bone mass and preserve bone strength from micro-damage accumulation. In that remodeling process, cellular balances – adipocytogenesis/osteoblastogenesis and osteoblastogenesis/osteoclastogenesis – are critical and tightly controlled by many factors, including lipids as discussed in the present review. Interest in the bone lipid area has increased as a result of in vivo evidences indicating a reciprocal relationship between bone mass and marrow adiposity. Lipids in bones are usually assumed to be present only in the bone marrow. However, the mineralized bone tissue itself also contains small amounts of lipids which might play an important role in bone physiology. Fatty acids, cholesterol, phospholipids and several endogenous metabolites ( i.e., prostaglandins, oxysterols) have been purported to act on bone cell survival and functions, the bone mineralization process, and critical signaling pathways. Thus, they can be regarded as regulatory molecules important in bone health. Recently, several specific lipids derived from membrane phospholipids ( i.e., sphingosine-1-phosphate, lysophosphatidic acid and different fatty acid amides) have emerged as important mediators in bone physiology and the number of such molecules will probably increase in the near future. The present paper reviews the current knowledge about: (1°) bone lipid composition in both bone marrow and mineralized tissue compartments, and (2°) local actions of lipids on bone physiology in relation to their metabolism. Understanding the roles of lipids in bone is essential to knowing how an imbalance in their signaling pathways might contribute to bone pathologies, such as osteoporosis.