Gastroenteritis. Issue 11 (November 2018) - Onyon, Clare
Abstract: Gastroenteritis is a common reason for hospitalisation in children and a major cause of mortality worldwide, with young children, particularly under 5 years of age being disproportionally affected. This article considers the background burden of acute gastroenteritis, some effective prevention strategies as well as an approach to history, examination and treatment. The review also considers differential diagnoses that masquerade as this condition and the use of history and examination to assess the degree of dehydration. Investigations are not usually required but may guide treatment in some circumstances. Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT) can be used in the majority of cases and approaches to oral rehydration are detailed. Other treatment options including the use of antiemetic treatment and probiotics are outlined. Children with severe dehydration often require IV therapy. The importance of careful sodium monitoring and risks associated with IV rehydration in different sodium states considered.