Current major depression is associated with greater sensitivity to the motivational effect of both negative mood induction and abstinence on tobacco-seeking behavior. (1st July 2017) - Hogarth, Lee
Highlights: We examined factors underlying smoking maintenance in Major Depression (MD). MD+ and MD- smokers completed assessments while smoking as usual and abstinent. Sensitivity to negative reinforcement was assessed with a tobacco-seeking task. Negative mood and abstinence prime greater tobacco-seeking for MD+ vs. MD- smokers. Efficacious treatments should target both mechanisms among MD+ smokers. Abstract: Background: Although depression and smoking commonly co-occur, the mechanisms underpinning this association are poorly understood. One hypothesis is that depression promotes tobacco dependence, persistence and relapse by increasing sensitivity to acute negative mood and abstinence induced tobacco-seeking behavior. Methods: Twenty nine daily smokers of >10 cigarettes per day, nine with major depression and 20 without, completed two laboratory sessions one week apart, smoking as normal prior to session 1 (sated session), and 6 h abstinent prior to session 2 (abstinent session). In both sessions, tobacco-seeking was measured at baseline by preference to view smoking versus food images. Negative mood was then induced by negative ruminative statements and sad music, before tobacco-seeking was measured again at test. Results: In the sated session, negative mood induction produced a greater increase in tobacco choice from baseline to test in depressed ( p < 0.001, ηp 2 = 0.782) compared to non-depressed smokers ( p = 0.045, ηp 2 = 0.216, interaction: p = 0.046, ηp 2 =0.150). Abstinence also produced a greater increase in baseline tobacco choice between the sated and abstinent sessions in depressed ( p = 0.002, ηp 2 =0.771) compared to non-depressed smokers ( p = 0.22, ηp 2 = 0.089, interaction: p = 0.023, ηp 2 = 0.189). These mood and abstinence induced increases in tobacco choice were positively associated with depression symptoms across the sample as a whole ( p s ≤ 0.04, ηp 2 ≥ 0.159), and correlated with each other ( r = 0.67, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Current major depression or depression symptoms may promote tobacco dependence, persistence and relapse by increasing sensitivity to both acute negative mood and abstinence induced tobacco-seeking behavior. Treatments should seek to break the association between adverse states and smoking to cope.