The colossal hats (pukao) of monumental statues on Rapa Nui (Easter Island, Chile): Analyses of pukao variability, transport, and emplacement. (December 2018)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Hixon, Sean W.; Lipo, Carl P.; McMorran, Ben; Hunt, Terry L.
• Is Part Of: Journal of archaeological science. Volume 100(2018)
• Page Start: 148
• Page End: 157
• Publication Date: 2018-12
• Subjects: Rapa Nui -- Easter Island -- Monumental architecture -- Photogrammetry -- Three dimensional analyses -- Polynesian archaeology; Archaeology -- Periodicals; Archéologie -- Périodiques; 930.1
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2018.04.011
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0305-4403

Abstract

Abstract: The archaeological record of Rapa Nui (Easter Island, Chile) is noteworthy for its massive statues ( moai ) that were transported over long distances with relatively small numbers of people and minimal use of resources. Equally impressive are the colossal bodies of red scoria ( pukao ) placed on the heads of many of the moai. In this study, we use three-dimensional models of 50 pukao found across the island and 13 red scoria cylinders from Puna Pau, the island's pukao quarry, to study the process of pukao manufacture, transport, and placement atop statues. Our analysis identifies surface features that are explained by the process of construction and transport of these multi-ton objects. Based on shared physical features of pukao, evidence in the archaeological record, and the physics necessary for pukao movement, we propose a falsifiable hypothesis in which relatively small numbers of people rolled pukao up stone ramps to place pukao atop moai . We conclude that activities of pukao production and transport did not require oversight by a centralized political authority, nor do they support notions of a large population that collapsed with "ecological suicide" on Rapa Nui. Graphical abstract: Highlights: Photogrammetric analyses provide 3D models of hat features ( pukao ) from Easter Island, Chile. Analyses of 3D models of pukao provide evidence for manufacture and transportation. The pukao were likely moved with minimal labor and using a parbuckle technique. Evidence for pukao transport is inconsistent with population collapse following "ecological suicide".