Voluntary- and Involuntary-Distraction Engagement: An Exploratory Study of Individual Differences. (June 2018)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Chen, Huei-Yen Winnie; Hoekstra-Atwood, Liberty; Donmez, Birsen
• Is Part Of: Human factors. Volume 60:Number 4(2018)
• Page Start: 575
• Page End: 588
• Publication Date: 2018-06
• Subjects: driver distraction -- driving simulator -- voluntary distraction -- involuntary distraction -- individual differences; Human engineering -- Periodicals; 620.82
• DOI: 10.1177/0018720818761293
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0018-7208

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this study was to explore individual differences in voluntary and involuntary driver-distraction engagement. Background: Distractions may stem from intentional engagement in secondary tasks (voluntary) or failing to suppress non-driving-related stimuli or information (involuntary). A wealth of literature has examined voluntary distraction; involuntary distraction is not particularly well understood. Individual factors, such as age, are known to play a role in how drivers engage in distractions. However, it is unclear which individual factors are associated with voluntary- versus involuntary-distraction engagement and whether there is a relation between how drivers engage in these two distraction types. Method: Thirty-six participants, ages 25 to 39, drove in a simulator under three conditions: voluntary distraction with a self-paced visual-manual task on a secondary display, involuntary distraction with abrupt onset of irrelevant visual-audio stimuli on the secondary display, and no distraction. Results: The number of glances toward the secondary display under voluntary distraction was not correlated to that under involuntary distraction. The former was associated with gender, age, annual mileage, and self-reported distraction engagement; such associations were not observed for the latter. Accelerator release time in response to lead-vehicle braking was delayed similarly under both conditions. Conclusion: Propensity to engage in voluntary distractions appears to be not related to the inability of suppressing involuntary distractions. Further, voluntary and involuntary distraction both affect braking response. These findings have implications for design of in-vehicle technologies, which may be sources of both distraction types.