Near‐infrared fluorescence‐guided resection of colorectal liver metastases. Issue 18 (21st June 2013)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: van der Vorst, Joost R.; Schaafsma, Boudewijn E.; Hutteman, Merlijn; Verbeek, Floris P. R.; Liefers, Gerrit‐Jan; Hartgrink, Henk H.; Smit, Vincent T. H. B. M.; Löwik, Clemens W. G. M.; van de Velde, Cornelis J. H.; Frangioni, John V.; Vahrmeijer, Alexander L.
• Is Part Of: Cancer. Volume 119:Issue 18(2013)
• Page Start: 3411
• Page End: 3418
• Publication Date: 2013-06-21
• Subjects: image‐guided surgery -- liver neoplasms -- colorectal cancer -- indocyanine green -- near‐infrared -- fluorescence; Cancer -- Periodicals; Cancer -- Cytopathology -- Periodicals; 616.99405
• DOI: 10.1002/cncr.28203
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0008-543X

Abstract

Abstract : BACKGROUND: The fundamental principle of oncologic surgery is the complete resection of malignant cells. However, small tumors are often difficult to find during surgery using conventional techniques. The objectives of this study were to determine if optical imaging, using a contrast agent already approved for other indications, could improve hepatic metastasectomy with curative intent, to optimize dose and timing, and to determine the mechanism of contrast agent accumulation. METHODS: The high tissue penetration of near‐infrared (NIR) light was exploited by use of the FLARE (Fluorescence‐Assisted Resection and Exploration) image‐guided surgery system and the NIR fluorophore indocyanine green in a clinical trial of 40 patients undergoing hepatic resection for colorectal cancer metastases. RESULTS: A total of 71 superficially located (< 6.2 mm beneath the liver capsule) colorectal liver metastases were identified and resected using NIR fluorescence imaging. Median tumor‐to‐liver ratio was 7.0 (range, 1.9‐18.7) and no significant differences between time points or doses were found. Indocyanine green fluorescence was seen as a rim around the tumor, which is shown to be entrapment around cytokeratin 7–positive hepatocytes compressed by the tumor. Importantly, in 5 of 40 patients (12.5%, 95% confidence interval = 5.0‐26.6), additional small and superficially located lesions were detected using NIR fluorescence, and were otherwise undetectable by preoperative computed tomography, intraoperative ultrasound, visual inspection, and palpation. CONCLUSIONS: NIR fluorescence imaging, even when used with a nontargeted, clinically available NIR fluorophore, is complementary to conventional imaging and able to identify missed lesions by other modalities. Cancer 2013;119:3411–8 . © 2013 American Cancer Society . Abstract : In this clinical trial studying a new intraoperative imaging technique in patients with colorectal liver metastases, all superficially located metastases were identified using near‐infrared fluorescence. Importantly, occult metastases were identified using near‐infrared fluorescence that were otherwise missed by conventional imaging.