Emissions from residential combustion considering end-uses and spatial constraints: Part II, emission reduction scenarios. (January 2016)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Winijkul, Ekbordin; Bond, Tami C.
• Is Part Of: Atmospheric environment. Volume 124:Part A(2016)
• Page Start: 1
• Page End: 11
• Publication Date: 2016-01
• Subjects: Residential emissions -- Emission reduction scenarios -- Emission standards -- Fuel switching -- Cookstoves; Air -- Pollution -- Periodicals; Air -- Pollution -- Meteorological aspects -- Periodicals; 551.51
• DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.10.011
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 1352-2310

Abstract

Abstract: Cooking, heating, and other activities in the residential sector are major sources of indoor and outdoor air pollution, especially when solid fuels are used to provide energy. Because of their deleterious effects on the atmosphere and human health, multinational strategies to reduce emissions have been proposed. This study examines the effects of some possible policies, considering realistic factors that constrain mitigation: end-uses, spatial constraints involving proximity to forest or electricity, existing technology, and assumptions about user behavior. Reduction scenarios are applied to a year-2010, spatially distributed baseline of emissions of particulate matter, black carbon, organic carbon, nitrogen oxides, methane, non-methane hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. Scenarios explored are: (1) cleanest current stove, where we assume that existing technology in each land type is applied to burn existing fuels; (2) stove standards, where we assume that stoves are designed to meet performance standards; and (3) clean fuels, where users adopt the cleanest fuels plausible in each land type. We assume that people living in forest access areas continue to use wood regardless of available fuels, so the clean-fuels scenario leads to a reduction in emissions of 18–25%, depending on the pollutant, across the study region. Cleaner stoves preferentially affect land types with forest access, where about half of the fuel is used; emission reductions range from 25 to 82%, depending on the pollutant. If stove performance standards can be met, particulate matter emissions are reduced by 62% for the loosest standards and 95% for the tightest standards, and carbon monoxide is reduced by 40% and 62% for the loosest and tightest standards. Reductions in specific regions and countries depend on the existing fuel mixture and the population division among land types, and are explored for Latin America, Africa, East Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. Graphical abstract: Highlights: Residential emission scenarios based on spatial distribution and end-use. Clean-fuel scenario reduces emissions by 18–25%, depending on pollutant. Stove improvements with existing technology reduce emissions by 25–82%. If stoves meet tightest performance standards, particulate matter is reduced by 95%.