Enhanced biodiesel production from Jatropha oil using calcined waste animal bones as catalyst. (February 2017)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Nisar, Jan; Razaq, Rameez; Farooq, Muhammad; Iqbal, Munawar; Khan, Rafaqat Ali; Sayed, Murtaza; Shah, Afzal; Rahman, Inayat ur
• Is Part Of: Renewable energy. Volume 101(2017)
• Page Start: 111
• Page End: 119
• Publication Date: 2017-02
• Subjects: Animal bone -- Heterogeneous catalyst -- Hydroxyapatite -- Jatropha oil -- Transesterification; Renewable energy sources -- Periodicals; Power resources -- Periodicals; Énergies renouvelables -- Périodiques; Ressources énergétiques -- Périodiques; 333.794
• DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2016.08.048
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0960-1481

Abstract

Abstract: This study is focused on the investigation of animal bones modified with potassium hydroxide (KOH) as heterogeneous solid base catalyst for transesterification of non-edible Jatropha oil. The prepared catalyst was characterized by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). The prepared catalyst had a high catalytic activity for transesterification. In addition, the catalyst had excellent stability, there by having potential use as a heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production from Jatropha oil with a high free fatty acid (FFA) yield. The experimental results revealed the optimal parametric conditions viz. methanol/oil molar ratio, 9:1, calcination temperature, 900 °C and catalyst concentration, 6.0 wt % of oil corresponding to a maximum fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) yield of 96.1% at temperature of 70 ± 3 °C in reaction time of 3 h. Reusability results of the prepared catalyst confirmed that it could be reutilized up to 4 times without losing much activity, thus giving birth to a potentially applicable possibility in biodiesel production. Graphical abstract: Highlights: Biodiesel production from Jatropha oil using KOH/calcined waste animal bones. Calcinations of the waste animal bones led to increased catalytic activity maximum yield of 96.10% is attained after 3 h. Calcination up to 900 °C enhanced the catalyst activity and beyond this temperature calcined bones showed low activity. The catalyst could be reutilized up to 4 times without losing much activity. The produced biodiesel meets ASTM standard limits.