Developmental toxicity of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in zebrafish embryos. (March 2017)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Li, Kang; Wu, Jia-Qi; Jiang, Ling-Ling; Shen, Li-Zhen; Li, Jian-Ying; He, Zhi-Heng; Wei, Ping; Lv, Zhuo; He, Ming-Fang
• Is Part Of: Chemosphere. Volume 171(2017)
• Page Start: 40
• Page End: 48
• Publication Date: 2017-03
• Subjects: 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid -- Zebrafish -- Developmental toxicity -- Cardiac toxicity -- Embryonic toxicity; 2, 4-D 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid -- DMSO Dimethyl sulfoxide -- hpf hours post fertilization -- UPLC-MS/MS Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry -- BCF bioconcentration factor -- SOD superoxide dismutase -- MDA malonaldehyde -- q-PCR quantitative PCR -- sod1 superoxide dismutase1 -- cat catalase -- gpx1a glutathione peroxidase 1a -- gst glutathione S-transferase -- amhc heavy chain 6 -- vmhc ventricular myosin heavy chain -- nkx2.5 NK2 homeobox -- kctd10 potassium channel tetramerization domain containing 10 -- vdra vitamin D receptor a -- vdrb vitamin D receptor b -- cmlc2 myosin II regulatory light chain -- vegf vascular endothelial growth factor -- gata1 GATA binding protein 1 -- gata2 GATA binding protein 2 -- hand2 heart and neural crest derivatives expressed 2 -- bpm beats per minute -- ROS reactive oxygen species -- PAHs polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; Pollution -- Periodicals; Pollution -- Physiological effect -- Periodicals; Environmental sciences -- Periodicals; Atmospheric chemistry -- Periodicals; 551.511
• DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.032
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0045-6535

Abstract

Abstract: 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) is widely used in agriculture as herbicide/pesticide, plant growth regulator and fruit preservative agent. It progressively accumulates in the environment including surface water, air and soil. It could be detected in human food and urine, which poses great risk to the living organisms. In the present study, we investigated the developmental toxicity of 2, 4-D on zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) embryo. 2, 4-D exposure significantly decreased both the survival rate (LC50 = 46.71 mg/L) and hatching rate (IC50 = 46.26 mg/L) of zebrafish embryos. The most common developmental defect in 2, 4-D treated embryos was pericardial edema. 2, 4-D (25 mg/L) upregulated marker genes of cardiac development ( vmhc, amhc, hand2, vegf, and gata1 ) and downregulated marker genes of oxidative stress ( cat and gpx1a ). Whole mount in situ hybridization confirmed the vmhc and amhc upregulation by 2, 4-D treatment. LC/MS/MS showed that the bioaccumulation of 2, 4-D in zebrafish embryos were increased in a time-dependent manner after 25 mg/L of 2, 4-D treatment. Taken together, our study investigated the toxic effects of 2, 4-D on zebrafish embryonic development and its potential molecular mechanisms, gave evidence for the full understanding of 2, 4-D toxicity on living organisms and shed light on its environmental impact. Highlights: 2, 4-D caused cardiotoxicity in zebrafish embryos at 25 and 50 mg/L. 2, 4-D at 25 mg/L altered the transcriptional levels of several oxidative stress -related genes. 2, 4-D at 25 mg/L altered the transcriptional levels of several cardiac-related genes. 2, 4-D at 25 mg/L accumulated in zebrafish embryos in a time-dependent manner.