Money and motives: an organizational ecology perspective on private land conservation. (May 2016) - Clements, Hayley S.
Abstract: Analyses of institutions (rules, laws, traditions) and their relevance for conservation are increasingly common in conservation contexts. By contrast, the organizations that operate within the framework provided by institutions are less researched. We applied ideas from organizational ecology to understanding the economic strategies of private land conservation areas (PLCAs), and their sustainability. The biophysical and socioeconomic characteristics of 72 commercially-operated PLCAs in the Eastern and Western Cape Provinces of South Africa were used, via principal components and cluster analyses, to identify alternative business models. We found four distinct business models with different financial productivity and owner objectives. The most profitable models were (1) large ecotourism areas with many charismatic (megaherbivore/predator) and other (antelope) game species, expensive accommodation, and guided activities; and (2) small ecotourism areas with many charismatic game species, fewer other game species, short travel time from the nearest airport, guided activities and day visitors. The less profitable models were (3) hunting reserves, with 54% of owners seeking to generate profits but not doing so, creating a mismatch between financial objectives and financial returns; and (4) PLCAs with few game species and cheap accommodation/activities, which were similarly unprofitable although an absence of financial objectives limited mismatches to just 5%. Biophysical and socioeconomic incompatibilities between different business models make it difficult for PLCAs to change their business model if objectives are not met. Initial (and rational) choices of how to manage a natural resource can thus constrain future management options and the organization's ability to persist in a dynamic environment. Graphical abstract: Highlights: Diverse business models have been adopted by private land conservation areas (PLCAs). High-end ecotourism PLCAs generate greater earnings than hunting or budget PLCAs. Mismatches exist between financial objectives and financial returns on some PLCAs. Organizational ecology can be used to understand the implications of these mismatches.