CNS remyelination as a novel reparative approach to neurodegenerative diseases: The roles of purinergic signaling and the P2Y-like receptor GPR17. (May 2016)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Fumagalli, Marta; Lecca, Davide; Abbracchio, Maria P.
• Is Part Of: Neuropharmacology. Volume 104(2016)
• Page Start: 82
• Page End: 93
• Publication Date: 2016-05
• Subjects: Purinergic receptors -- Oligodendrocytes -- Remyelination; AD Alzheimer's disease -- ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis -- ATX autotaxin -- CNS central nervous system -- DRG dorsal root ganglion -- EAE experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis -- GDNF glial cell derived neurotrophic factor -- GRK G-protein receptor kinase -- MBP myelin basic protein -- MCAo middle cerebral artery occlusion -- MS multiple sclerosis -- mTOR mammalian target of rapamycin -- OPC oligodendrocyte precursor cell -- PDGF platelet derived growth factor -- PVL periventricular leukomalacia; 2′-Deoxy-N6-methyladenosine 3′, 5'-bisphosphate ammonium salt (MRS2179) -- 3-(2-carboxy-4, 6-dichloro-indol-3-yl)propionic acid (MDL29, 951) -- 3-[4-[2-[ [6-amino-9-[(2R, 3R, 4S, 5S)-5-(ethylcarbamoyl)-3, 4-dihydroxy-oxolan-2-yl]purin-2-yl]amino]ethyl]phenyl]propanoic acid (CGS21680) -- 7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4, 3-e]-1, 2, 4-triazolo[1, 5-c]pyrimidine (SCH58261) -- Adenosine -- ADP -- ATP -- Brilliant blue G (BBG) -- Leukotriene D4 (LTD4) -- Montelukast -- N6-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA) -- Oxidized ATP (oxATP) -- Rapamycin -- UDP -- UDP-Glucose; Neuropsychopharmacology -- Periodicals; Autonomic Agents -- Periodicals; Neuropsychopharmacologie -- Périodiques; Neuropsychopharmacology; Periodicals; Electronic journals; 615.78
• DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.10.005
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0028-3908

Abstract

Abstract: Oligodendrocytes are the myelin-forming cells in the CNS. They enwrap axons, thus permitting fast impulse transmission and exerting trophic actions on neurons. Demyelination accompanied by neurological deficit is a rather frequent condition that is not only associated with multiple sclerosis but has been also recognized in several other neurodegenerative diseases, including brain trauma and stroke, Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Recently, alterations of myelin function have been also reported in neuropsychiatric diseases, like depression and autism. Highly relevant for therapeutic purposes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) still persist in the adult brain and spinal cord. These cells are normally rather quiescent, but under specific circumstances, they can be stimulated to undergo differentiation and generate mature myelinating oligodendrocytes. Thus, approaches aimed at restoring myelin integrity and at fostering a correct oligodendrocyte function are now viewed as novel therapeutic opportunities for both neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases. Both OPCs and mature oligodendrocytes express purinergic receptors. For some of these receptors, expression is restricted at specific differentiation stages, suggesting key roles in OPCs maturation and myelination. Some of these receptors are altered under demyelinating conditions, suggesting that their dysregulation may contribute to disease development and could represent adequate new targets for remyelinating therapies. Here, we shall describe the current literature available on all these receptors, with special emphasis on the P2Y-like GPR17 receptor, that represents one of the most studied receptor subtypes in these cells. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Purines in Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration'. Graphical abstract: Highlights: Demyelination represents a common feature of several neurodegenerative conditions. Remyelination re-establishes fast impulse conduction and prevents axonal loss. Several P1 and P2 purinoceptor subtypes regulate oligodendrocyte maturation. Under demyelinating conditions some purinoceptors are altered. Purinoceptors emerge as promising targets for new neuro-regenerative therapies.