Energy recovery from human faeces via gasification: A thermodynamic equilibrium modelling approach. (15th June 2016)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Onabanjo, T.; Patchigolla, K.; Wagland, S.T.; Fidalgo, B.; Kolios, A.; McAdam, E.; Parker, A.; Williams, L.; Tyrrel, S.; Cartmell, E.
• Is Part Of: Energy conversion and management. Volume 118(2016)
• Page Start: 364
• Page End: 376
• Publication Date: 2016-06-15
• Subjects: Gasification -- Exergy analysis -- Biomass -- Non-sewered sanitary systems -- Nano Membrane Toilet; Direct energy conversion -- Periodicals; Energy storage -- Periodicals; Energy transfer -- Periodicals; Énergie -- Conversion directe -- Périodiques; Direct energy conversion; Periodicals; 621.3105
• DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2016.04.005
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0196-8904

Abstract

Highlights: On dry basis, typical human faeces contain 83 wt.% organic fraction and 17 wt.% ash. The LHV of dry human faeces ranged from 19 to 22 MJ/kg, values similar to wood biomass. Syngas from dry human faeces had LHV of 15–17 MJ/kg at equivalence ratio of ∼0.31. Energy is best recovered from moist human faeces at equivalence ratio above 0.6. Recoverable exergy potential from moist human faeces can be up to 15 MJ/kg. Abstract: Non-sewered sanitary systems (NSS) are emerging as one of the solutions to poor sanitation because of the limitations of the conventional flush toilet. These new sanitary systems are expected to safely treat faecal waste and operate without external connections to a sewer, water supply or energy source. The Nano Membrane Toilet (NMT) is a unique domestic-scale sanitary solution currently being developed to treat human waste on-site. This toilet will employ a small-scale gasifier to convert human faeces into products of high energy value. This study investigated the suitability of human faeces as a feedstock for gasification. It quantified the recoverable exergy potential from human faeces and explored the optimal routes for thermal conversion, using a thermodynamic equilibrium model. Fresh human faeces were found to have approximately 70–82 wt.% moisture and 3–6 wt.% ash. Product gas resulting from a typical dry human faeces (0 wt.% moisture) had LHV and exergy values of 17.2 MJ/kg and 24 MJ/kg respectively at optimum equivalence ratio of 0.31, values that are comparable to wood biomass. For suitable conversion of moist faecal samples, near combustion operating conditions are required, if an external energy source is not supplied. This is however at 5% loss in the exergy value of the gas, provided both thermal heat and energy of the gas are recovered. This study shows that the maximum recoverable exergy potential from an average adult moist human faeces can be up to 15 MJ/kg, when the gasifier is operated at optimum equivalence ratio of 0.57, excluding heat losses, distribution or other losses that result from operational activities.