On the morphology and structure formation of carbon fibers from polymer precursor systems. (October 2018)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Al Aiti, Muhannad; Jehnichen, Dieter; Fischer, Dieter; Brünig, Harald; Heinrich, Gert
• Is Part Of: Progress in materials science. Volume 98(2018)
• Page Start: 477
• Page End: 551
• Publication Date: 2018-10
• Subjects: Carbon fibers -- Graphite fibers -- Emerging precursors -- Lignin -- Thermally induced crystal conversion -- Void formation -- Turbostratic -- Glass-like -- Graphitic -- Orientation degree -- Orientation recovery mechanisms -- Carbon fiber defects -- Lattice disorder; AA acrylamide -- ALS alkali softwood -- AGU anhydroglucose unit, acrylamide -- AP anthracene-derived mesophase pitch -- APL annual-plant lignin -- AS acetylated softwood lignin -- CF carbon fibers -- CL percynnamoylated lignin -- CryL crystal length -- CNT carbon nanotube -- CP cellulosic precursors -- CP/MAS cross-polarized magic angle spinning -- CTE coefficient of thermal expansion -- CW crystal width -- D dry-spinning -- Df degree of fibrillation -- DL domain length -- DMAc dimethylacetamide -- DMF dimethylformamide -- dMNP dimethylnaphthalene-derived mesophase pitch -- DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide -- DP average degree of polymerization -- DR draw ratio -- DSC differential scanning calorimetry -- DTA differential thermal analysis -- DTG derivative thermogravimetric -- E activation energy -- EB elongation at break -- EGMA ethylene glycol dimethacrylate -- EOC degree of cyclization extent -- FTIR Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy -- FWHM full-width at half-maximum -- G gel-spinning -- GC–MS gas chromatography–mass spectrometry -- GF graphite fibers -- H hardwood lignin -- HF/BF3 hydrogen fluoride/boron trifluoride -- HM high modulus -- IM-SHT intermediate modulus–super high tenacity -- K thermal conductivity -- Li lignin -- LM low modulus -- M melt-spinning -- MA methyl acrylate -- MAA methacrylic acid -- MCMB mesocarbon microbeads -- MMA methyl methacrylate -- MNP methylnaphthalene-derived mesophase pitch -- MPP mesophase pitch precursors -- MS methoxybenzoyl-softwood lignin -- NP naphthalene-derived mesophase pitch -- PAN polyacrylonitrile -- PD packing density -- PE polyethylene -- PET poly(ethylene terephthalate) -- PP polypropylene -- -q orientation parameter -- QI quinoline insoluble -- QS quinoline soluble -- S softwood lignin -- SEM scanning electron microscope -- SM_HT standard modulus–high tenacity -- sp2 sp2 hybridization of the carbon atoms -- sp3 sp3 hybridization of the carbon atoms -- SS sodium styrene sulfonate -- TCP thermo-chemical-based plasma -- TEM transmission electron microscope -- TGA thermogravimetric analysis -- TM tensile modulus -- TS tensile strength -- UHM ultra-high modulus -- V vanillic acid -- VA vinyl acetate -- VC vinyl chloride -- V-PET vanillic-acid-based polyester -- W wet-spinning -- WAXS wide-angle X-ray scattering -- SAXS small-angle X-ray scattering, -- XCr crystallinity index -- XRD X-ray diffraction; Materials science -- Periodicals; Science des matériaux -- Périodiques; 620.1105
• DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2018.07.004
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0079-6425

Abstract

Abstract: This review paper summarizes and critically discusses the morphology and structure formation of carbon fibers (CFs) from polymer precursor systems. Throughout this review, we focus on the key mutual interactions between the polymeric precursor systems, their physically determined processability into filaments, the thermally initiated crystal conversion mechanisms, as well as the morphological and physical properties of the resulting CFs and graphite fibers (GFs). Understanding the behavior of crystal conversion mechanisms from a polymeric semi-crystalline structure into a turbostratic, glass-like or even a graphite-like carbonaceous crystalline structure is essential to carbon and graphite fiber formation. The nature of the crystal conversion and thermal processing largely determine the recovery degree and behavior of the carbonaceous crystal orientation. Over the last three decades, CFs and GFs have earned a significant reputation as lightweight fibrous reinforcement materials, and considerable advances have been achieved in understanding the structure of CFs and GFs and in tailoring their performance towards specific applications. The utilization of CFs and GFs in different thermoplastics and thermosets, as well as in concrete as reinforcements, is well known thanks to the abundant number of reports and reviews available. Nevertheless, large-scale utilization of CFs in high-technology sectors, such as the aerospace industry, is mainly driven by the required performance of the CFs. For civilian applications such as general engineering and the automotive industry, however, the large-scale production of CFs is immensely limited by production costs. Numerous reports and reviews are available in the field of CFs and its precursors. Therefore, we focus on reviewing the less-discussed structure–property relationship and the influence of the different manufacturing processes on this relationship. Throughout this review, we identify areas that require future research and development regarding the morphology and structure formation of CFs from emerging precursor systems, e.g., lignin.